Table 4.
Opioid use
| Opioid use, mg oral morphine equivalent | Control group (n = 70) | Pathway group (n = 70) | Mean difference (95% CI)a | p value | ||
| n | Opiod use, mg | n | Opiod use, mg | |||
| Intraoperative | 70 | 11 ± 16 | 70 | 2 ± 6 | -10 (-14 to -5) | < 0.01 |
| 0-24 hours postoperative | 70 | 21 ± 21 | 63 | 7 ± 12 | -14 (-19 to -10) | < 0.01 |
| 24-48 hours postoperative | 55 | 30 ± 21 | 50 | 24 ± 20 | -7 (-12 to -1) | 0.02 |
| POD 7 | 55 | 5 ± 10 | 64 | 3 ± 7 | -1 (-6 to 4) | 0.76 |
| POD 14 | 49 | 1 ± 4 | 56 | 0 ± 1 | -2 (-7 to 3) | 0.54 |
Data presented as mean ± SD.
a
Difference in means indicates the difference between two estimated means; estimates are from a linear mixed model with group, time, group x time interaction, and baseline NRS or PainOUT as fixed effects and participant as a random effect; POD = postoperative day.