Table 5.
Patient-oriented outcomes and side effects
| Control group (n = 70) | Pathway group (n = 70) | Mean difference (95% CI)a | p value | |||
| n | Value | n | Value | |||
| PainOUT question | ||||||
| % of pain relief, POD 0 | 64 | 80% ± 30% | 70 | 90% ± 20% | 17% (8%-26%) | 0.01 |
| % of pain relief, POD 1 | 62 | 70% ± 30% | 63 | 90% ± 20% | -3% (-12% to 6%) | < 0.001 |
| Satisfaction with pain treatment, POD 1 | 62 | 8.2 ± 2.5 | 63 | 9.2 ± 1.7 | 1.0 (0.3-1.8) | < 0.01 |
| Satisfaction with pain treatment, POD 2 | 60 | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 62 | 8.8 ± 1.8 | 0.2 (-0.6 to 1.0) | 0.61 |
| Satisfaction with pain treatment, POD 7 | 56 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 64 | 9.1 ± 1.7 | 0.3 (-0.4 to 1.1) | 0.40 |
| Satisfaction with pain treatment, POD 14 | 51 | 9 ± 1.3 | 58 | 9.1 ± 1.7 | 0.1 (-0.7 to 0.9) | 0.83 |
| Nausea, POD 1 | 65 | 1.1 ± 2.4 | 62 | 0.6 ± 1.8 | -0.5 (-1.0 to 0.0) | 0.07 |
| Nausea, POD 2 | 62 | 1 ± 2.1 | 64 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | -0.7 (-1.2 to -0.1) | 0.02 |
| Interference falling asleep, POD 1 | 65 | 2.6 ± 3.5 | 63 | 0.5 ± 1.7 | -2.0 (-3.2 to -0.9) | 0.001 |
| Interference staying asleep, POD 1 | 65 | 2.6 ± 3.3 | 63 | 0.5 ± 1.6 | -2.2 (-3.3 to -1.1) | < 0.001 |
| % of time in severe pain, POD 1 | 64 | 20% ± 20% | 62 | 10% ± 20% | -8% (17% to 0%) | 0.046 |
| Pain interference, activities in bed, POD 1 | 62 | 3.7 ± 3.9 | 62 | 1.6 ± 3.1 | -2.1 (-3.4 to -0.9) | 0.001 |
| Pain interference, activities out of bed, POD 1 | 64 | 1.9 ± 2.9 | 64 | 0.9 ± 2.3 | -1.1 (-2 to -0.1) | 0.03 |
| Drowsiness, POD 1 | 64 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 63 | 1.7 ± 2.7 | -0.9 (-1.7 to -0.1) | 0.03 |
| Itching, POD 1 | 64 | 0.5 ± 1.5 | 63 | 0.2 ± 0.8 | -0.3 (-0.8 to 0.3) | 0.31 |
| Itching, POD 2 | 62 | 1.2 ± 2.3 | 64 | 0.5 ± 1.6 | -0.7 (-1.3 to -0.2) | 0.007 |
| Dizziness, POD 1 | 64 | 0.9 ± 2.2 | 63 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | -0.6 (-1.1 to -0.1) | 0.02 |
| Participation in pain treatment decisions (POD 2) | 61 | 9 ± 2.8 | 63 | 9.9 ± 0.6 | 0.9 (0.2-1.6) | 0.01 |
| Side effects (POD2) | ||||||
| Hoarseness, % yes (n) | 62 | 29% (18) | 63 | 27% (17) | 0.88 (0.38-2.06)b | 0.77 |
| Breathing normally, % yes (n) | 62 | 90% (56) | 63 | 95% (60) | 0.88 (0.38-2.06)b | 0.77 |
Data presented as mean ± SD or % (n) unless otherwise indicated.
a
Difference in means indicates the difference between two estimated means; estimates are from a linear mixed model with group, time, group x time interaction, and baseline PainOut measurement as fixed effects and participant as a random effect.
b
Data presented as odds ratio (95% CI). Estimates are from a linear mixed model with group, time, and group x time interaction as fixed effects and participant as a random effect; POD = postoperative day.