Table 2.
Demographics and metabolic health parameters of study participants and the health space reference groups (N=85).
| Variable | Study participants (n=34) | Healthy referencea (n=10) | MetSb referencea (n=41) | ||||
| Sex, n (%) | |||||||
|
|
Male | 9 (26) | 5 (50) | 19 (46) | |||
|
|
Female | 25 (74) | 5 (50) | 22 (54) | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 61 (8.2) | 57.6 (16.2) | 54 (21.0) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 29.9 (4.18) | 21.3 (1.88) | 31.1 (5.68) | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 102 (11.4) | 83.2 (4.68) | 105 (10.8) | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 6.23 (0.78) | 5.32 (1.10) | 4.77 (1.02) | ||||
| HDLc cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.14 (0.27) | 1.49 (0.37) | 1.01 (0.13) | ||||
| LDLd cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.34 (0.74) | 3.12 (1.02) | 2.73 (0.99) | ||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.67 (0.85) | 1.57 (0.52) | 2.25 (0.95) | ||||
| Glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.61 (0.65) | 5.33 (0.70) | 7.07 (3.08) | ||||
| C-peptide (nmol/L), mean (SD) | 0.52 (0.33) | 0.75 (0.40) | 1.46 (0.90) | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 135 (18.0) | 138 (18.5) | 128 (21.5) | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 78.6 (9.54) | 77.7 (14.0) | 67.4 (18.6) | ||||
aData for the reference groups were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004 (CDC 2003) [46].
bMetS: metabolic syndrome.
cHDL: high-density lipoprotein.
dLDL: low-density lipoprotein.