TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics according to concentrations of enterolactone and TMAO in the pooled populations from NHS II and HPFS (n = 1216)1
| Low enterolactone high TMAO2 | Low enterolactone low TMAO | High enterolactone High TMAO | High enterolactone low TMAO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and lifestyle factors | ||||
| Number | 310 | 339 | 331 | 236 |
| Age at blood draw, y draw, years | 55.5 (11.4) | 55.3 (10.6) | 62.8 (10.8) | 59.1 (10.3) |
| BMI, kg/m3 | 27.1 (5.5) | 26.0 (4.2) | 25.7 (3.7) | 25.4 (3.4) |
| Physical activity, METs-h/wk | 15.8 (4.9, 35.2) | 19.1 (6.3, 37.5) | 25.3 (10.0, 44.1) | 26.1 (12.5, 43.2) |
| Smoking status, % | ||||
| Current smoker | 18.9 | 12.2 | 6.5 | 8.4 |
| Former smoker | 35.8 | 36.7 | 43.6 | 45.8 |
| Never smoker | 45.3 | 51.1 | 49.9 | 45.8 |
| Family history of MI, % | 32.9 | 28.9 | 35.3 | 40.2 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 41.0 | 40.4 | 41.4 | 43.2 |
| Hypertension, % | 28.7 | 27.1 | 33.8 | 24.1 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 5.8 | 4.4 | 7.8 | 4.2 |
| Aspirin use, % | 24.8 | 22.7 | 30.5 | 21.6 |
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1895.5 (537.1) | 1971.1 (520.2) | 1952.9 (549.4) | 1964.0 (469.2) |
| Alcohol, g/d | 1.6 (0, 7.9) | 3.3 (0.3, 11.0) | 5.2 (1.0, 14.5) | 5.9 (1.4, 14.6) |
| Cardiovascular risk markers3 | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 208.0 (40.6) | 203.7 (36.8) | 206.3 (37.3) | 205.4 (34.7) |
| LDLcholesterol, mg/dL | 139.0 (37.0) | 136.3 (33.7) | 136.1 (34.3) | 135.6 (30.7) |
| HDL cholesterol,, mg/dL | 37.3 (14.9) | 39.5 (13.6) | 43.4 (12.9) | 42.9 (12.9) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 161.0 (102.9) | 141.0 (79.4) | 135.5 (78.7) | 132.4 (69.5) |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 1.9 (0.9, 4.5) | 1.2 (0.6, 3.3) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.6) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.3) |
| HbA1c, % | 5.6 (1.0) | 5.5 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.8) | 5.6 (1.0) |
| Gut microbiota–related metabolites | ||||
| TMAO, μM | 5.4 (4.3, 7.5) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.0) | 6.0 (4.5, 9.2) | 2.7 (2.1, 3.1) |
| L-carnitine, μM | 44.9 (12.2) | 39.6 (10.3) | 45.3 (18.1) | 39.1 (10.8) |
| Choline, μM | 20.1 (7.6) | 18.6 (5.7) | 22.9 (9.5) | 19.6 (6.2) |
| Enterolactone, nM | 2.6 (1.0, 5.2) | 3.3 (1.2, 5.5) | 17.3 (11.8, 27.2) | 15.5 (11.0, 24.6) |
1
Data are means (SDs), medians (IQRs), or percentage (%). Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MET, metabolic equivalents; MI, myocardial infarction; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.
2
Low enterolactone or high TMAO was based on median levels among the controls.
3
In the controls, 2 participants had missing values of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and CRP, and 10 participants had missing value of HbA1c.