TABLE 3.
Least-square mean of dietary factors according to concentrations of enterolactone and TMAO in pooled populations from NHS II and HPFS (n = 1216)1
| Low Enterolactone High TMAO2 | Low Enterolactone Low TMAO | High Enterolactone High TMAO | High Enterolactone Low TMAO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary factors | ||||
| Fruits, serving/d | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.3) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.6)* | 2.3 (2.1, 2.4) |
| Vegetable, serving/d | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.3) | 3.1 (2.9, 3.2) |
| Red meats, serving/d | 1.09 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06)* | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03)** |
| Fish, serving/d | 0.28 (0.26, 0.31) | 0.28 (0.26, 0.30) | 0.27 (0.25, 0.30) | 0.27 (0.25, 0.30) |
| Egg, serving/d | 0.24 (0.21, 0.26) | 0.23 (0.20, 0.25) | 0.26 (0.23, 0.28) | 0.24 (0.22, 0.27) |
| Whole grains, g/d | 23.7 (22.2, 25.2) | 24.1 (22.7, 25.5) | 26.4 (24.9, 27.9)* | 26.0 (24.3, 27.7)* |
| Fiber, g/d | 21.3 (20.8, 21.9) | 21.6 (21.1, 22.1) | 21.9 (21.3, 22.4) | 22.4 (21.8, 23.0)** |
| Coffee, cup/d | 1.81 (1.64, 1.99) | 1.72 (1.56, 1.89) | 2.29 (2.12, 2.46)** | 2.02 (1.83, 2.23) |
| Nut, serving/d | 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) | 0.47 (0.41, 0.53) | 0.49 (0.44, 0.55) | 0.50 (0.43, 0.57) |
| P/S ratio | 0.50 (0.48, 0.51) | 0.48 (0.47, 0.50) | 0.47 (0.46, 0.49) | 0.49 (0.47, 0.51) |
| Alternate healthy eating index | 43.8 (42.7, 44.8) | 43.7 (42.7, 44.7) | 43.0 (42.0, 44.1) | 45.0 (43.8, 46.2) |
| Healthful plant-based diet index | 54.1 (53.3, 54.8) | 54.2 (53.5, 54.9) | 55.7 (55.0, 56.5)** | 56.0 (55.1, 56.8)** |
Adjustment for matching factors, including age (years), sex (male, female), month of sample collection, fasting status at time of collection, and smoking status (never, former, or current), and alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, ≥10.0 g/d), physical activity (in tertiles), BMI (≤24.9, 25.0–29.9, ≥30.0 kg/m2), family history of MI (yes, or no), aspirin use (yes, no), presence of diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia (yes, no), and other dietary factors (individual foods were mutually adjusted). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, compared with the first group. Data are least-square means (95% CIs). Abbreviations: HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II; P/S ratio: ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.
Low enterolactone or high TMAO was based on median levels among the controls.