TABLE 4.
Associations of enterolactone and TMAO with CAD risk (n = 1216)1
| T 1 | T 2 | T 3 | P trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterolactone | ||||
| NHS II | ||||
| Median (range)2 | 1.06 (0.35, 2.95) | 4.70 (2.99, 8.25) | 13.3 (8.30, 77.1) | |
| Case/total | 94/157 | 56/118 | 37/99 | |
| Model 13 | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.37, 0.98) | 0.37 (0.21, 0.65) | <0.001 |
| Model 24 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.42, 1.37) | 0.42 (0.21, 0.83) | 0.01 |
| Model 35 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.41, 1.46) | 0.46 (0.22, 0.93) | 0.03 |
| HPFS | ||||
| Median (range)2 | 2.44 (0.35, 6.02) | 9.88 (6.03, 15.0) | 25.2 (15.1,211.4) | |
| Case/total | 151/291 | 136/277 | 134/274 | |
| Model 13 | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | 0.88 (0.62, 1.24) | 0.51 |
| Model 24 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.67, 1.36) | 0.96 (0.66, 1.40) | 0.84 |
| Model 35 | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.64, 1.33) | 0.91 (0.61, 1.35) | 0.66 |
| Pooled | ||||
| Median (range)2 | 2.05 (0.35, 4.66) | 8.32 (4.68, 12.3) | 22.1 (12.4,211.4) | |
| Case/total | 238/441 | 177/380 | 193/395 | |
| Model 13 | 1.00 | 0.73 (0.55, 0.97) | 0.79 (0.59, 1.06) | 0.21 |
| Model 24 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.60, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | 0.84 |
| Model 35 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.60, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) | 0.91 |
| TMAO | ||||
| NHS II | ||||
| Median (range)2 | 2.30 (0.90, 3.00) | 3.70 (3.10, 4.80) | 7.00 (4.90, 42.1) | |
| Case/total | 60/125 | 63/123 | 64/126 | |
| Model 13 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.70, 1.84) | 1.12 (0.68, 1.86) | 0.72 |
| Model 24 | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.66, 2.08) | 1.11 (0.62, 1.99) | 0.82 |
| Model 35 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.61, 2.05) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.94) | 0.93 |
| HPFS | ||||
| Median (range)2 | 2.08 (0.07, 2.79) | 3.52 (2.80, 4.63) | 6.71 (4.65, 98.5) | |
| Case/total | 128/268 | 136/277 | 157/297 | |
| Model 13 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) | 1.26 (0.88, 1.79) | 0.19 |
| Model 24 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.67, 1.46) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.79) | 0.25 |
| Model 35 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) | 1.19 (0.80, 1.77) | 0.29 |
| Pooled | ||||
| Median (range)2 | 2.18 (0.07, 2.89) | 3.59 (2.90, 4.65) | 6.82 (4.67, 98.5) | |
| Case/total | 185/388 | 199/401 | 224/427 | |
| Model 13 | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.82, 1.45) | 1.24 (0.92, 1.65) | 0.16 |
| Model 24 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.79, 1.46) | 1.25 (0.91, 1.71) | 0.16 |
| Model 35 | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) | 1.23 (0.89, 1.70) | 0.19 |
ORs (95% CIs) were calculated by conditional logistic regression analysis. Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; MI, myocardial infarction; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide.
The median levels among the controls.
Model 1, adjusted for matching factors, including age at blood sample collection (years), sex (male, female, for pooled analysis only), month of sample collection, fasting status at time of collection, and smoking status (never, former, or current).
Model 2, further adjusted for alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, ≥10.0 g/d), physical activity (in tertiles), BMI (≤24.9, 25.0–29.9, ≥30.0 kg/m2), menopause status (yes, no; for women only), family history of MI (yes, or no), aspirin use (yes, no), and presence of diabetes, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia (yes, no).
Model 3, further adjusted for intake of fruits, vegetables, red meats, fish, egg, whole grains, fiber, nut, coffee, and ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat (all as continuous).