TABLE 2.
HRs for risk of dementia or difference in 3MSE at baseline and 95% CIs per 1% higher concentrations of phospholipid fatty acids and a concomitant 1% lower concentration of linoleic acid at screening visit in 1252 participants of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory case-cohort1
| HR (95% CI) per 1% replacement | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dementia (n cases = 498) | AD (n cases = 334) | Difference (95% CI) in 3MSE per 1% replacement | |
| SFAs2 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | −0.08 (−0.12, −0.03) |
| Palmitic acid (16:0)3 | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | −0.08 (−1.13, −0.03) |
| Margaric acid (17:0)3 | 0.72 (0.15, 3.43) | 0.74 (0.12, 4.47) | 0.44 (−1.68, 2.57) |
| Stearic acid (18:0)3 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | −0.08 (−0.15, −0.01) |
| Arachic acid (20:0)3 | 0.80 (0.41, 1.56) | 0.97 (0.44, 2.12) | 0.76 (−0.16, 1.69) |
| Behenic acid (22:0)3 | 0.15 (0.78, 1.69) | 1.17 (0.79, 1.73) | −0.21 (−0.75, 0.34) |
| MUFAs3 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.12) |
| Oleic acid (18:1n–9c) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) | −0.06 (−0.19, 0.08) |
| cis-Vaccenic acid (18:1n–7c) | 1.35 (0.83, 2.20) | 1.44 (0.83, 2.48) | 0.73 (0.03, 1.43) |
| PUFAs | |||
| n–3 fatty acids3 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.05) |
| ɑ-Linolenic acid (18:3n–3c) | 0.91 (0.41, 2.01) | 0.76 (0.24, 2.41) | 0.39 (−1.08, 1.86) |
| EPA (20:5n–3c) | 1.34 (1.07, 1.68) | 1.33 (1.03, 1.72) | −0.15 (−0.49, 0.19) |
| DPA (22:5n–3c) | 0.84 (0.48, 1.48) | 1.00 (0.52, 1.92) | −0.03 (−0.84, 0.78) |
| DHA (22:6n–3c) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.20) |
| n–6 fatty acids | |||
| Linoleic acid (18:2n–6cc)3 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 11c,14c-Eicosadienoic acid (20:2n–6c)3 | 0.98 (0.43, 2.23) | 1.16 (0.49, 2.72) | −0.66 (−2.09, 0.77) |
| Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n–6c)3 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | −0.01 (−0.25, 0.22) |
| Arachidonic acid (20:4n–6c)3 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.13) |
| Unknown fatty acids2 | 1.01 (0.70, 1.44) | 1.15 (0.76, 1.74) | −0.03 (−0.56, 0.49) |
| Fatty acid 33 | 1.06 (0.66, 1.69) | 1.22 (0.70, 2.11) | −0.04 (−0.69, 0.62) |
HRs were obtained from weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models and differences in the cognitive scores were obtained from weighted linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, clinic site, fasting status, education, weekly number of alcoholic drinks, smoking status, BMI, lipid-lowering medication use, history of cardiovascular disease, history of diabetes, Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale, treatment group assignment, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Fatty acids are expressed as a percentage of total plasma phospholipid fatty acids. AD, Alzheimer disease; DPA, docosapentaenoic acid; 3MSE, Modified Mini-Mental State score.
Replacement for linoleic acid (the sum of SFAs, the sum of MUFAs, the sum of PUFAs except for linoleic acid, the sum of trans fatty acids, and the sum of other fatty acids were included simultaneously).
Replacement for linoleic acid (e.g., SFAs 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 19:0, 20:0, 22:0; the sum of other SFAs; the sum of MUFAs; the sum of PUFAs except for linoleic acid; the sum of trans fatty acids; and the sum of other fatty acids were included simultaneously; analog for other individual fatty acids).