Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and clinical data of the study population.
| Control (n = 170) | Diabetic mellitus (n = 131) | Diabetic retinopathy (n = 167) | T/F value | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.56 ± 9.32 | 58.50 ± 8.27 | 58.43 ± 10.96 | 2.70 | 0.069 |
| Gender (male/female) | 77/93 | 61/70 | 85/82 | 1.146 | 0.564 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 23.14 ± 3.25 | 24.50 ± 3.28 | 24.90 ± 5.10 | 8.78 | <0.001 a,b,c |
| Smoking (yes/no) | 2/168 | 2/129 | 3/164 | 0.384 | 0.898 |
| Drinking (yes/no) | 2/168 | 4/127 | 5/162 | 1.75 | 0.436 |
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 73/97 | 56/75 | 81/86 | 1.30 | 0.522 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.58 ± 15.83 | 136.42 ± 19.79 | 141.91 ± 37.27 | 13.04 | <0.001 a,b,c |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.1 ± 9.43 | 76.48 ± 9.27 | 76.15 ± 13.40 | 0.88 | 0.417 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | — | 6.49 ± 5.41 | 12.52 ± 6.90 | 8.47 | <0.001 |
| RDW (%) | 12.46 ± 0.48 | 12.68 ± 0.97 | 13.09 ± 1.19 | 20.95 | <0.001 a,b,c |
| WBC (×109) | 5.94 ± 1.43 | 6.14 ± 1.79 | 6.56 ± 1.80 | 6.10 | 0.003 a,b,c |
| HG (g/L) | 135.24 ± 13.17 | 134.44 ± 13.1 | 124.43 ± 18.77 | 20.46 | <0.001 a,b |
| HbA1c (%) | — | 6.99 ± 1.31 | 7.28 ± 1.14 | 2.08 | 0.039 |
| AST (U/L) | 19.29 ± 7.09 | 19.76 ± 7.23 | 20.84 ± 7.87 | 1.91 | 0.149 |
| ALT (U/L) | 20.19 ± 12.49 | 22.22 ± 11.09 | 22.89 ± 11.95 | 2.32 | 0.099 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.32 ± 0.80 | 5.86 ± 2.10 | 6.78 ± 2.61 | 9.09 | <0.001 a,b,c |
| CRE (μmmol/L) | 65.75 ± 14.30 | 66.17 ± 19.63 | 71.00 ± 22.32 | 3.44 | 0.034 a,b |
| IOP (mmHg) | 12.99 ± 0.21 | 14.25 ± 0.46 | 15.19 ± 0.19 | 13.29 | <0.001 a,b,c |
| VCDR | — | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 2.14 | 0.030 |
Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used for analysis. BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure. WBC: white blood cell, HG: hemoglobin, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine transaminase, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, CRE: creatinine, IOP: intraocular pressure, VCDR: vertical cup-disc ratio. ap < 0.05 for the difference between the DR group and the control group (1-way ANOVA with the LSD post hoc test). bp < 0.05 for the difference between the DR group and the DM group (1-way ANOVA with the LSD post hoc test). cp < 0.05 for the difference between the DM group and the control group (1-way ANOVA with the LSD post hoc test).