. 2021 Jul 5;2021:9976202. doi: 10.1155/2021/9976202

Table 2.

Pharmacological studies on M. loriformis.

Activity tested	Plant part	Extract	Experimental procedures	Dosage concentration	Results	References
Antioxidant	Whole plant	80% ethanol	1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.	200–800 ppm	Showed a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity.	[12]
	Leaves	Deionized water	Determination of peroxide values according to AOCS method.	0–800 ppm	Rate of peroxide values in pork lard and soybean oil containing M. loriformis have been reduced.	[12]
			Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.	NAD	Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of M. loriformis extract was 4.14 mM Fe (II)/g dry wt and 46.96 mg GAE/g dry wt, respectively.	[26]
			Determination of total phenolic content using Folin-Ciocalteu method.	NAD	Increased temperature of extraction extremely decreased the DPPH radical scavenging activity.	[26]
	NAD	Water	Investigation the effect of time and temperature on antioxidant activity of M. loriformis by DPPH assay.	NAD	Increased time of extraction slightly increased the total phenolic content of the extract.	[41]
	NAD	Water	Folin-Ciocalteu method.	NAD	Total phenolic content of the extract was less <10 mg GAE/g extract.	[41]
	NAD	95% methanol	Folin-Ciocalteu method.	0.05–500 µg/mL	Exhibited a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity.	[42]
			DPPH assay.	1000 µg/mL	Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were quantified in M. loriformis extract.
			Determination of pigment content according to Lichtenthaler and Wellburn [47].	1000 µg/mL

Antimutagenicity	Whole plant	80% ethanol	Salmonella mutation assay	0.1–1.0 g/kg body weight	M. loriformis showed antimutagenicity activity by its inhibitory effects on azoxymethane-induced DNA methylation and aberrant crypt focus formation in male F344 rats.	[10, 15]
	Whole plant	Methanol	Salmonella mutation assay.	0.05 µg	Methanol extract showed antimutagenicity activity against aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) mutagenesis in the short term.	[46]
	Whole plant	80% ethanol	Competitive enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA).	3 g/kg body weight	Multiple doses of treatments have decreased AF–albumin adduct levels.	[16]

Anticancer	Whole plant	80% ethanol	MTT assay. Cytotoxicity of M. loriformis was determined against breast (MCF7) and colon (HT29) cancer cell lines	20–100 µg/mL	Moderate cytotoxic activity ED₅₀ less than 10 µg/mL.	[7]
	Whole plant	95% ethanol	Cytotoxicity of M. loriformis was examined against immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT), oral epithelial (HN4) and carcinoma cell lines of head and neck squamous (HN12), breast (MCF7) and colon (HT29).	0–10.0 mg/plate	Showed antiproliferative effect on HT29 and MCF7 cells.	[45]
	Whole plant	95% ethanol		0–10.0 mg/plate	No effect on HaCaT, HN4 and HN12 cell.	[45]

Anti-inflammatory	Aerial part	80% ethanol	Carrageenan- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced paw edema in rat's assay.	100–400 mg/kg	M. loriformis extract significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced edema formation of the rat paw.	[13, 48]
				100–400 mg/kg	Inhibited of AA-induced paw edema in dose-dependent manner.
			Cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rat's assay.	400 mg/kg	M. loriformis extract significantly lowered the transudative weight. The inhibitory effect of granuloma formation was well correlated with their transudative weight.
			Evaluation of the ulcerogenic effect.	400 mg/kg	M. loriformis did not affect the gastric mucosa of rats (ulcer index = 0).

Immunomodulatory effect	NAD	Pressed and added of 50–100 mL water. (Herb juice)	In vitro cellular immunological assays.	500 µg/mL (herbal juice)	Herb juice and isolated compound namely glycosphingolipid β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-2-(2′-hydroxy-Z-6′-enecosamide) sphingosine have increased PBMC proliferation in the presence of the mitogen PHA (phytohemagglutinin).	[11]
	NAD	Ethanol (isolated compound)	In vitro cellular immunological assays.	0.01 µg/mL (isolated compound)	Both increase the expression of CD 3,4:CD 3,8 ratio in T lymphocytes.	[11]
	Whole plant	80% ethanol	Lymphocyte activation assay.	1–200 µg/mL	Decrease of T- and B-cell proliferation with the presence and absence of mitogen.	[24]
	Whole plant	Water	Lymphocyte activation assay.	1–200 µg/mL	The water extract significantly decreased PHA and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced lymphocyte proliferation.	[24]

Antipyretic	Aerial part	80% ethanol	Yeast-induced hyperthermia assay	400 mg/kg	Reduced the rectal temperature to normal in 30 min and lasted for 180 min.	[13]

Analgesic	Aerial part	80% ethanol	Formalin test	20–80 mg/kg	Reduced the licking time in early and late phases.	[12]

Antimicrobial	Whole plant	NAD	Disc diffusion and broth dilution methods.	1.25 mg/mL	Have no activity against Propionibacterium acnes.	[9]
	Whole plant	NAD	Disc diffusion and broth dilution methods.	1.25 mg/mL	Inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis at MIC value of 1.25 mg/mL. However, the MBC value was >5 mg/mL.	[9]
	Whole plant	95% ethanol	Antibacterial and antifungal assays.	1 mg/mL	Inhibited the growth of B. subtilis under the influence of UV light with zone inhibition diameter of 8–12 mm.	[23]
	Whole plant	95% ethanol	M. loriformis extract was tested for light- mediated activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus K147 methicillin-sensitive (Ms), Escherichia coli DC10, E. coli (wild), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 187 (wild), Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.	1 mg/mL		[23]

Antibacterial	Whole plant	Ethanol	Disc diffusion method. M. loriformis was investigated against S. aureus	0.5–5000 µg/mL	No antibacterial activity.	[43, 49, 50]

Gastroprotective activity	Whole plant	80% ethanol	Gastroprotective activity studies using three different models: EtOH/HCl, indomethacin, and restraint water immersion stress.	100–400 mg/kg	M. loriformis extract significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation induced by EtOH/HCl, indomethacin and stress.	[14]
			Gastric visible mucus secretion.	400 mg/kg	Significantly increased the amount of gastric wall mucus.
			Pylorus ligation.	400 mg/kg	Reduced gastric acid secretion in the pylorus ligation model.

Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and pancreatic cholesterol esterase, cholesterol micelle formation and bile acid binding.	Whole plant	Water	Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay.	NAD	Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ = 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL).	[51]
			Pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibition assay.	NAD	Inhibited pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity about 10–22% ((IC₅₀ => 3 mg/mL).
			Cholesterol micellization assay.	10 mg/mL	Moderated cholesterol micellization inhibition (18.01 ± 1.44%)
			Bile acid binding assay.	1 mg/mL	M. loriformis extract has bind to glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid at 30.31 ± 6.88%, 28.70 ± 2.08% and 6.52 ± 0.88%, respectively.

Inhibition of α-glucosidase, pancreatic α-amylase and protein glycation activities.	Whole plant	Water	Phytochemical analysis.	NAD	The total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin content of M. loriformis extract were 12.2 ± 2.6, 4.34 ± 0.12 and 100.7 ± 19.0 mg/g extract, respectively.	[39]
			Intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory assay.	NAD	Showed moderate α-glucosidase inhibition; IC₅₀ maltase (3.43 ± 0.18 mg/mL) and sucrose (3.46 ± 0.04 mg/mL).
			Pancreatic α-amylase inhibition assay.	NAD	The IC₅₀ values for α-amylase of M. loriformis extract was 0.86 ± 0.10 mg/mL.
			Protein glycation inhibitory assay.	1 mg/mL	Inhibition of glycation in fructose-mediated nonenzymatic glycation by 34.63% at week 1. However, the inhibition percentage slightly decreased at weeks 2–4 (33.02–28.76%).