Table 1.

The impact of circadian misalignment and sleep difficulties due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population and COVID infected patients and proposed interventions.

	Risk group	impact		intervention
		COVID-19 patients	General population	COVID-19 patients	General population
Circadian misalignment	Elderly [53]	symptom severity [36]	sleep timing difficulties [38]	melatonin administration [47]	keeping regular sleep timing [37]
	Night shift workers [46,50]	oscillation of immune components [47]	sleep habit changes [40]	chronopharmacology [47]	exposure to natural daylight [37,38]
	Students/youth [39,48]	medication efficacy [36]			regular exercise preferably in daytime [37]
	Health care workers [54]	duration prolongation [36,47]			delaying sleep time in schoolers [55]
Sleep difficulties	COVID-19 patients [36]	duration prolongation [36,47]	higher rate of sleep disorders [[56], [57], [58], [59]]	progressive muscle relaxation [60]	CBT-I behavioral recommendations [37]
	Health care workers [54,61]	delayed recovery [47,62]	anxiety and depression [4,63,64]	treatment time based on patients' internal clock [47]	regular daytime napping [65]
	Children/infants [52]	higher rate of depressed mood [66]	learning and working efficacy [65]		mindfulness techniques for child caregivers [52]
	Students [67,68]	diagnosis [62]	cognitive decline [10,53]