Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the overall sample and by group
| Characteristic | Overall Sample (N=60) |
MDD (n=30) |
Normal Control (n=30) |
p-value (FDR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Demographics | ||||
| Age, years, M (SD) | 15.05 (1.18) | 15.26 (1.22) | 14.83 (1.11) | 0.15 (0.20) |
| Grade in School, Median (IQR) | 10.00 (02) | 10.00 (02) | 9.00 (02) | 0.14 (0.20) |
| Female Sex, % (n) | 63.33% (38) | 63.33% (19) | 63.33% (19) | 1.00 (1.00) |
| White, Non-Hispanic, % (n) | 80.00% (48) | 80.00% (24) | 80.00% (24) | 1.00 (1.00) |
| Patient Factors | ||||
| Age at First use of Social Media, M (SD) | 11.38 (1.53) | 11.03 (1.37) | 11.73 (1.61) | 0.07 (0.12) |
| Baseline QIDS-C Total, M (SD) | 10.08 (7.42) | 16.86 (3.79) | 3.30 (1.58) | <0.0001 (0.0003) |
| Baseline Self-Esteem Score, M (SD) | 28.21 (7.62) | 22.16 (4.84) | 34.26 (4.37) | <0.0001 (0.0003) |
| Baseline Social Media Addiction Score (via youth), M (SD) | 14.45 (5.86) | 17.56 (5.47) | 11.33 (4.46) | <0.0001 (0.0003) |
| Baseline Social Media Addiction Score (via parent), M (SD) | 16.72 (6.28) | 20.20 (5.64) | 13.23 (4.83) | <0.0001 (0.0003) |
| Baseline Cyberbullying Score, M (SD) | 5.60 (7.10) | 8.43 (8.50) | 2.76 (3.72) | 0.001 (0.002) |
| Baseline Bullying Perpetrator Score, M (SD) | 1.78 (2.40) | 2.00 (1.85) | 1.56 (2.86) | 0.49 (0.61) |
| Baseline Bullying Victim Score, M (SD) | 2.38 (3.63) | 3.80 (4.41) | 0.96 (1.79) | 0.002 (0.004) |
| Baseline Salivary Cortisol, ug/dL, M (SD) | 0.16 (0.09) | 0.20 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.003 (0.005) |
| Baseline Salivary Amylase, U/mL, M (SD) | 194.33 (133.39) | 185.91 (147.45) | 202.47 (120.23) | 0.63 (0.72) |
| History of Depression, % (n) | 45.00% (27) | 90.00% (27) | 0.00% (00) | <0.0001 (0.0003) |
Note. M=Sample Mean; SD=Standard Deviation. Two-independent sample t-test with the Satterthwaite method for unequal variances (continuous variables), Median one-way ANOVA for median values, and Fisher’s exact test (categorical variables) were used to identify any differences between characteristics of the two groups. P-value (two-tailed) associated with the test of group differences (MDD vs. Control) on each characteristic. QIDS-C Total = Quick Inventory or Depressive Symptoms Clinician-Rated. FDR = False Discovery Rate. IQR = Interquartile Range.