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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 13.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2021 Apr 20;144(2):126–143. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051583

Figure 1: Project description and overview of workflow.

Figure 1:

A, 3D models of non-failing (non-HF) human Sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaker complex (left) and heart failure (HF) (right) depicting their functional/dysfunctional and structural characteristics. Green arrow shows preferential conduction from the leading pacemaker in the SAN to atria through the SAN conduction pathway (SACP) in non-HF hearts, and blocked green arrow indicates exit block in HF hearts. B, Description of the project work flow. Abbreviations: BGS-Bovine growth serum; CT- crista terminalis; IAS- interatrial septum; IVC- inferior vena cava; RA-right atrium; SVC-superior vena cava; TGFβ1-Transforming growth factor beta 1.