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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2021 Jun 8;86:107000. doi: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107000

Table 2.

Percentage of infants exposed to opioid and non-opioid substances.

%
Prenatal opioid exposure
Medication-assisted treatment 76.5
 Methadone 56.5
 Buprenorphine 24.7
Prescription opioid analgesics 8.2
Illicit opioid use 51.8
 Heroin 37.6
 Opioid treatment prescription misuse 11.8
 Pain prescription misuse 14.1
Prenatal non-opioid exposure
Tobacco 87.1
Alcohol 35.3
Marijuana 42.4
Cocaine 24.7
E-cigarettes 7.1
Methamphetamines 4.7
Stimulant misuse 3.5
Sedative misuse 5.9
Hallucinogens 1.2
Other 3.5

Note. No mothers endorsed prenatal use of inhalants or ecstasy.