Table 3.
Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations between prenatal substance exposure and infant developmental outcomes.
| Gest. Age | Birth Weight | 3M Comm | 3M Gross | 3M Fine | 3M Prob | 3M Pers | 6M Comm | 6M Gross | 6M Fine | 6M Prob | 6M Pers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth Outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Gestational age | - | - | −0.01 (0.96) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.06 (0.60) | 0.08 (0.53) | −0.05 (0.67) | 0.13 (0.29) | 0.35 (0.003) | 0.12 (0.31) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.28) |
| Birth weight | 0.72 (< .001) | - | −0.02 (0.89) | −0.00 (1.00) | 0.18 (0.14) | −0.08 (0.49) | −0.04 (0.77) | −0.01 (0.96) | 0.09 (0.47) | 0.18 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.26) | −0.03 (0.79) |
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Maternal age | 0.04 (0.69) | −0.06 (0.62) | −0.12 (0.31) | −0.01 (0.95) | −0.01 (0.92) | 0.13 (0.29) | 0.06 (0.62) | 0.05 (0.66) | −0.15 (0.21) | −0.04 (0.75) | 0.07 (0.57) | 0.15 (0.23) |
| Maternal education | 0.09 (0.39) | 0.15 (0.20) | −0.07 (0.56) | 0.08 (0.52) | 0.06 (0.65) | −0.18 (0.14) | 0.11 (0.37) | 0.16 (0.20) | 0.09 (0.45) | 0.00 (0.99) | 0.08 (0.50) | 0.05 (0.66) |
| Household income | 0.09 (0.41) | 0.21 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.86) | 0.11 (0.39) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.80) | 0.15 (0.25) | 0.36 (0.003) | 0.20 (0.13) | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.21 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.35) |
| Prenatal Substance Use | ||||||||||||
| Total opioid exposurea | −0.13 (0.22) | −0.12 (0.31) | −0.08 (0.51) | −0.16 (0.18) | −0.25 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.79) | −0.11 (0.39) | −0.29 (0.02) | −0.15 (0.22) | 0.03 (0.82) | −0.14 (0.26) | −0.06 (0.60) |
| Cigarettes/week | −0.13 (0.23) | −0.08 (0.51) | 0.10 (0.42) | −0.22 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.56) | 0.07 (0.59) | −0.05 (0.69) | 0.02 (0.90) | −0.17 (0.16) | 0.04 (0.77) | −0.08 (0.51) | −0.14 (0.27) |
| Standard drinks/week | −0.05 (0.63) | 0.09 (0.41) | 0.02 (0.87) | 0.01 (0.97) | −0.07 (0.58) | −0.02 (0.89) | 0.07 (0.55) | −0.13 (0.29) | −0.09 (0.46) | 0.17 (0.17) | 0.05 (0.71) | −0.15 (0.21) |
| Polysubstance riskb | −0.16 (0.15) | −0.13 (0.25) | −0.01 (0.91) | 0.04 (0.75) | 0.04 (0.73) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.75) | 0.01 (0.95) | 0.28 (0.02) | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.43) |
| Mean | 38.6 | 6.6 | 49.5 | 54.0 | 41.6 | 49.7 | 49.6 | 52.9 | 50.3 | 50.4 | 53.5 | 50.2 |
| Standard deviation | 2.1 | 1.4 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 7.3 | 9.8 | 11.3 | 9.9 | 11.2 |
| Min-Max | 26.3–42.6 | 1.0c–9.6 | 10–60 | 15–60 | 10–60 | 20–60 | 15–60 | 30–60 | 20–60 | 25–60 | 15–60 | 20–60 |
Note. p-values presented in parentheses. Significant findings in bold, marginal findings in italics. Gest. Age = gestational age in weeks. Birth weight is given in lbs. Ages and Stages-3rd Edition scales: Comm = Communication; Gross = Gross Motor; Fine = Fine Motor; Prob = Problem-Solving; Pers = Personal-Social.
Sum of proportion of pregnancy days on Medication-Assisted Treatment and proportion of pregnancy days of illicit opioid use.
Tally of other substances used prenatally (marijuana, e-cigarettes, cocaine, prescription stimulant misuse, prescription sedative misuse, methamphetamines, hallucinogens, other).
Baby reported as one pound was born at 26 weeks’ gestation and did not survive.