Figure 3. Metabolic roles of α-klotho in the brain.
(A) α-Klotho may upregulate TRX protein activity by inhibiting TXNIP. (B) α-Klotho regulates hypothalamic neuron activity and gene expression via FGFR→AKT signaling. (C) α-Klotho may regulate calcium flux and subsequent membrane potential via TRPV channels. (D) α-Klotho activates STAT3 signaling via un unidentified receptor. TXNIP = thioredoxin interacting protein; TRX = thioredoxin; FGFR = fibroblast growth factor receptor; AKT = protein kinase B; ERK = extracellular-regulated kinase; FOXO1 = forkhead box 01; TRPV = transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V; STAT3 = signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Created with BioRender.com.