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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2021 May 21;156:105399. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105399

Figure 5: — Aged (18 months) male C57BL/6 mice treated with verapamil (1 mg/kg/day, in drinking water, 1 months) were subjected to NOR and MWM tests and compared to aged and young (2 months) animals. In NOR test examining non-spatial working memory, verapamil treatment improved aged animals’ cognitive function assessed by recognition index (A). In the MWM test of spatial memory, aged animals demonstrated poor learning and memory as they failed to reduce escape latencies in training trials (B), correctly remember the target quadrant place (C), or have sufficient distance (D) or time (E) swimming in the target quadrant in MWM probe test. Our MWM did not real an effect of verapamil on aged animals’ spatial memory. The CatWalk XT system was used to calculate gait control indices based on basic measures of animals’ footprints on the walkway (F), as detailed in the methods section. Accordingly, aged animals demonstrated an upward shift from normal swing time (G), leading to reduced step cycle and thus less duty cycle (%) (H). Aged animals also showed degrees of limping and poor inter-paw coordination as determined by the phase dispersion mean (I) and the due cyclic statistic (J) values. Verapamil treatment improved age-related gait abnormalities and restore gait control indices to values comparable to those of young animals (G-J). Values are expressed as mean ±SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; NOR, novel object recognition; MWM, Morris water maze; LF, Left Fore-paw; LH, Left Hind-paw.

Figure 5: — Aged (18 months) male C57BL/6 mice treated with verapamil (1 mg/kg/day, in drinking water, 1 months) were subjected to NOR and MWM tests and compared to aged and young (2 months) animals. In NOR test examining non-spatial working memory, verapamil treatment improved aged animals’ cognitive function assessed by recognition index (A). In the MWM test of spatial memory, aged animals demonstrated poor learning and memory as they failed to reduce escape latencies in training trials (B), correctly remember the target quadrant place (C), or have sufficient distance (D) or time (E) swimming in the target quadrant in MWM probe test. Our MWM did not real an effect of verapamil on aged animals’ spatial memory. The CatWalk XT system was used to calculate gait control indices based on basic measures of animals’ footprints on the walkway (F), as detailed in the methods section. Accordingly, aged animals demonstrated an upward shift from normal swing time (G), leading to reduced step cycle and thus less duty cycle (%) (H). Aged animals also showed degrees of limping and poor inter-paw coordination as determined by the phase dispersion mean (I) and the due cyclic statistic (J) values. Verapamil treatment improved age-related gait abnormalities and restore gait control indices to values comparable to those of young animals (G-J). Values are expressed as mean ±SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; NOR, novel object recognition; MWM, Morris water maze; LF, Left Fore-paw; LH, Left Hind-paw.