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. 2021 Jul 14;10:143. doi: 10.1038/s41377-021-00580-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a–c Fluorescence images of GCaMP6f expressing neurons before and after TFOE stimulation with a single pulse. d Calcium trace of the targeted neuron undergone single-pulse stimulation. Blue vertical line: onset of optoacoustic stimulation with zoom-in showing a representative optoacoustic waveform. e Pulse energy threshold for successful neuron stimulation as a function of pulse number (N = 5–7).