Table 1.
Summary of included articles.
| Author, Year | Country | Sample size (% Female) | Field | Depression | Anxiety | Suicidal ideation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scale (threshold and time frame) | Frequency (prevalence) | Mean (SD) | Scale (threshold and timeframe) | Frequency (prevalence) | Mean (SD) | Scale (timeframe) | Frequency (Prevalence) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Bolotnyy, et al. 52 | USA | 513 (34.70%) | Economics | PHQ-9 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 91 (17.74%) | NA | GAD-7 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 90 (17.60%) | NA |
PHQ-9 (past 2 weeks) SBQR (past year) |
58 (11.30%) 61 (12.00%) |
NA |
| Baker and Chambers 44** | USA | 6 (100%) | Social Work | CES-D (≥ 16, past week) | 3 (50.00%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
|
Barry, et al. 53 Barry, et al. 51a a Reported a sample size of 82; adjusted scores are presented |
Australia |
81 (81.48%) 82 (81.71%) |
Mixed | DASS-42 (past week) | NA |
6.70 (6.00) 6.71 (5.98) |
DASS-42 (past week) | NA |
5.80 (6.90) 5.82 (6.92) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Boyle and McKinzie 54 | USA | 632 (NA) | Mixed | DASS-28 (past week) | NA | 5.97 (6.86) | DASS-28 (past week) | NA | 4.34 (5.65) | NA | NA | NA |
| Clark, et al. 37** | USA | 172 (NA) | School Psychology | BSI (past week) | NA | 1.51 (0.60) | BSI (past week) | NA | 1.47 (0.68) | NA | NA | NA |
| Corral-Frias, et al. 49** | Mexico | 7 (NA) | Mixed | MASQ-SF (past week) | NA | 20.00 (8.79) | MASQ-SF (past week) | NA | 20.00 (7.77) | NA | NA | NA |
|
Eisenberg, et al. 38** Golberstein, et al. 45a a Smaller overall sample size due to missing data |
USA | 654 (NA) | Mixed | PHQ-9 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 91 (13.91%) | NA | PHQ GAD (past 4 weeks) | 25 (3.82%) | NA |
NCS-R (past 4 weeks) NCS-R (past 4 weeks – plan) |
11 (1.67%) 2 (0.30%) |
NA |
| Farrer, et al. 39** | Australia | 118 (NA) | Mixed | PHQ-9 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 13 (11.02%) | 5.71 (4.46) | GAD-7 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 10 (8.47%) | 3.79 (4.23) | NA | NA | NA |
| Garcia-Williams, et al. 34* | USA | 301 (77.08%) | Mixed | PHQ-9 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 101 (33.55%) | 7.95 (5.16) | NA | NA | NA | 3-item measure (past 2 weeks) | 22 (7.31%) | NA |
| 3-item measure (lifetime—attempt) | 30 (9.97%) | |||||||||||
| Heinrich 55 | USA | 68 (NA) | Education | NA | NA | NA | STAI-trait (present) | NA | 33.43 (6.86) | NA | NA | NA |
| Hindman, et al. 46** | USA | 6 (100.00%) | Mixed | DASS-21 (past week) | NA | 3.00 (2.76) | DASS-21 (past week) | NA | 2.67 (2.42) | NA | NA | NA |
| Hirai, et al. 47** | USA | 46 (NA) | Mixed | DASS-21 (past week) | NA | 0.48 (0.59) | DASS-21 (past week) | NA | 0.45 (0.45) | NA | NA | NA |
|
Hish, et al. 56 Nagy, et al. 33 |
USA | 69 (60.87%) | Biomedicine | PHQ-9 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 7 (10.14%) | 4.64 (4.84) | SCID-5-RV (past year) | 22 (31.88%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Jamshidi, et al. 57 | Iran | 280 (NA) | Medical Sciences | GHQ-28 (past few weeks) | NA | 2.56 (4.07) | GHQ-28 (past few weeks) | NA | 4.43 (4.05) | NA | NA | NA |
| Lee and Jeong 48** | South Korea | 1,809 (NA) | Mixed | BDI (past week) | NA | 4.52 (5.15) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Levecque, et al. 32 | Belgium | 3,659 (52.01%) | Mixed | GHQ-12 (≥ 4, past few weeks) | 1,165 (31.84%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Lightstone, et al. 36* | USA | 116 (77.59%) | Medicine and Psychology | NA | NA | NA | STAI-trait (present) | NA | 38.19 (7.87) | NA | NA | NA |
| Lilly, et al. 41** | USA | 42 (NA) | Biomedicine | PHQ-2 (past 2 weeks) | 3 (7.14%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
|
Lipson, et al. 40** Lipson, et al. 43** Lipson, et al. 42**a aDue to some overlap in survey years across studies, data pooled (2007–2017) |
USA | Total: 13,912 (55.44%) | Mixed | PHQ-9 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | Total: 2377/13,912 (17.09%) | Total: 5.83 (4.89) |
2007–2012: PHQ GAD (past 4 weeks) 2013–2017: GAD-7 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) |
2007–2012: 326/4,111 (7.93%) 2013–2017: 1,633/9,717 (16.81%) |
2007–2012: NA 2013–2017: 5.12 (4.72) |
Single-item (past year) | Total: 759/13,660 (5.56%) | NA |
| Liu, et al. 58 | China | 325 (60.31%) | Medicine | PHQ-9 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 77 (23.70%) | NA | GAD-7 (≥ 10, past 2 weeks) | 65 (20.00%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Meghani and Harvey 50 | USA | 32 (NA) | Mixed | Boston X 4 CES-D (≥ 10, past week) | 7 (21.88%) | 6.43 (5.66) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Richardson, et al. 62 | USA | 119 (85.71%) | Clinical and Counseling Psychology | IDAS-II (past 2 weeks) | NA | 46.09 (14.23) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Rummell 16 | Canada & USA | 119 (77.31%) | Clinical and Counseling Psychology | 35-item scale derived from DSM-5 (past 2 weeks) | 47 (39.29%) | NA | DSM-5 (past 2 weeks) | 58 (49.11%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sheldon 35* | USA | 35 (42.86%) | Physics and Ecology | NA | NA | NA | BSI (past week) | NA | 0.67 (NA) | NA | NA | NA |
| Sverdlik and Hall 59 | 54 Countries | 3,004 (79.36%) | Mixed | CES-D-10 (past week) | NA | 23.31 (4.53) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| The Graduate Assembly 61 | USA | 529 (NA) | Mixed | CES-D (≥ 16, past week) | 249 (47.07%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| University of California Office of the President 60 | USA | 3,190 (NA) | Mixed | CES-D-R (≥ 16, past 2 weeks) | 1,215 (38.09%) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES-D), Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression–Revised (CES-D-R), Depression Anxiety and Stress Subscales (DASS), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms–Second Version (IDAS-II), Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire–Short Form (MASQ-SF), National Comorbidity Survey Replication, (NCS-R), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQR), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), standard deviation (SD), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Axis I Disorders Research Version (SCID-5-RV).
*Author provided clarification—entire sample consisted of doctoral degree students.
**Author provided additional data—doctoral students reflect a subsample of the total number reported in the published article.