Table 1.
Demographics, NEC, and hemodynamic features of neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit with and without severe AKI, 2013–2018.
| N | Combined cohort (N = 202) |
Without severe AKI (stage 0–1) (N = 136) |
Severe AKI (stage 2–3) (N = 66) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||||
| Gestational age (weeks, mean ± SD) | 202 | 28.3 (4.4) | 29.0 (4.4) | 26.9 (4.2) | 0.002 |
| Birth weight (g, mean ± SD) | 202 | 1191 (767) | 1320 (830) | 927 (531) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.19 | ||||
| Male | 202 | 120 (59.4) | 76 (55.9) | 44 (66.7) | |
| AGA, n (%) | 0.10 | ||||
| Yes | 195 | 64 (32.8) | 37 (28.5) | 27 (41.5) | |
| Race, n (%) | 197 | 0.13 | |||
| African American | 143 (72.6) | 90 (68.2) | 53 (81.5) | ||
| Caucasian | 45 (22.8) | 35 (26.5) | 10 (15.4) | ||
| Latino | 4 (2.0) | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Other | 5 (2.54) | 3 (2.27) | 2 (3.0) | ||
| Outborn, n (%) | 196 | 115 (58.7) | 69 (51.9) | 46 (73.0) | 0.008 |
| Mode of delivery, n (%) | 202 | 0.69 | |||
| C-section | 143 (70.8) | 98 (72.1) | 45 (68.2) | ||
| Vaginal | 59 (29.2) | 38 (27.9) | 21 (31.8) | ||
| Apgar <6 at 5 min, n (%) | 199 | 52 (26.1) | 33 (24.6) | 19 (29.2) | 0.60 |
| PIH, n (%) | 193 | 34 (17.6) | 17 (12.9) | 17 (27.9) | 0.02 |
| Chorioamnionitis, n (%) | 192 | 16 (8.3) | 10 (7.5) | 6 (10.2) | 0.58 |
| Antenatal steroids, n (%) | 191 | 117 (61.3) | 71 (55.0) | 46 (74.2) | 0.02 |
| NEC variables | |||||
| Age at NEC onset, (days, mean ± SD) | 202 | 21.4 (21.4) | 22.0 (20.2) | 20.2 (23.9) | 0.60 |
| Pneumatosis, n (%) | 200 | 88 (44.0) | 59 (43.4) | 29 (45.3) | 0.92 |
| Portal venous gas, n (%) | 198 | 9 (4.5) | 5 (3.7) | 4 (6.2) | 0.47 |
| Pneumoperitoneum, n (%) | 198 | 56 (28.3) | 29 (21.6) | 27 (42.2) | 0.005 |
| Surgical NEC (Bell stage III), n (%) | 202 | 104 (51.5) | 43 (31.6) | 61 (92.4) | <0.001 |
| Fulminant NEC, n (%) | 201 | 26 (12.9) | 13 (9.6) | 13 (19.7) | 0.08 |
| All ostomy, n (%) | 128 | 74 (57.8) | 23 (33.8) | 51 (85.0) | <0.001 |
| Cholestasis, n (%) | 119 | 66 (55.5) | 24 (38.7) | 42 (73.7) | <0.001 |
| Hemodynamic variables | |||||
| Assisted ventilation, n (%) | 196 | <0.001 | |||
| Intubation | 144 (73.5) | 82 (62.6) | 62 (95.4) | ||
| CPAP | 11 (5.6) | 11 (8.4) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| High flow | 27 (13.8) | 25 (19.1) | 2 (3.0) | ||
| Room air | 14 (7.1) | 13 (9.9) | 1 (1.5) | ||
| Patent ductus arteriosus, n (%) | 200 | 98 (49.0) | 65 (47.8) | 33 (51.6) | 0.73 |
| PDA surgical ligation, n (%) | 201 | 7 (3.4) | 3 (2.2) | 4 (6.1) | 0.22 |
| Dopamine use 24 h after NEC, n (%) | 198 | 113 (57.4) | 62 (47.0) | 51 (78.5) | <0.001 |
| Serum sodium <135 meq/L at 24 h, n (%) | 186 | 77 (41.4) | 42 (34.7) | 35 (53.8) | 0.02 |
| Indomethacin/Ibuprofen, n (%) | 175 | 23 (13.1) | 14 (11.1) | 9 (18.4) | 0.31 |
| Sepsis variables | |||||
| Blood culture-positive sepsis, n (%) | 201 | 59 (29.4) | 31 (23.0) | 28 (42.4) | 0.007 |
| Antibiotics duration (days), n (%) | 201 | 8.1 (4.4) | 7.4 (3.7) | 8.7 (5.0) | 0.12 |
| Vancomycin, n (%) | 201 | 173 (86.1) | 119 (88.1) | 54 (81.8) | 0.32 |
| Gentamicin, n (%) | 201 | 82 (40.8) | 66 (48.9) | 16 (24.2) | 0.001 |
| Piperacillin/razobactam, n (%) | 199 | 8 (4.0) | 6 (4.4) | 2 (3.0) | 1.00 |
| Metronidazole, n (%) | 199 | 75 (37.7) | 42 (31.3) | 33 (50.8) | 0.01 |
| Amikacin, n (%) | 199 | 156 (78.4) | 109 (81.3) | 47 (72.3) | 0.21 |
| Fluconazole, n (%) | 198 | 16 (8.0) | 10 (7.5) | 6 (9.2) | 0.90 |
NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, AGA appropriate for gestational age, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, AKI acute kidney injury, PDA patent ductus arteriosus.
Categorical variables are presented as count (percentage) and continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation). Differences in continuous measures were tested using a t test, ANOVA, or Kruskal–Wallis test. Differences in categorical measures were tested using a χ2 test.
The presence of bold and bold-italic values signifies p < 0.05.