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. 2021 Jul 13;11:14413. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93924-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Prediction of changes in sleep patterns and resting heart rate by lockdown stringency. Plots for fitted models (green curves) across 20 countries estimating changes in (a) midsleep time, (b) midsleep variability and (c) resting heart rate using lockdown stringency as a predictor. Observed mean differences between 2020 and 2019 (blue dots), lockdown stringency (black line) and predictions without (WO) lockdown stringency in the model (red dashed line) are also shown for comparison.