Table 4.
Estimates From Multilevel Growth Models for Sexual Risk Behaviors
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Predictors | b | SE | β | b | SE | β | b | SE | β |
| Fixed effects | |||||||||
| Intercept at 19 years | 1.61*** | .03 | −.34 | 1.52*** | .04 | −.42 | 1.32*** | .13 | −.53 |
| Linear age | 0.35*** | .01 | .31 | 0.33*** | .01 | .30 | 0.33*** | .01 | .29 |
| Quadratic age | −0.01* | .00 | −.01 | −0.01* | .00 | −.01 | −0.01* | .00 | −.01 |
| Maltreatment classes (ref. = low maltreatment) | |||||||||
| Moderate emotional neglect only | 0.43*** | .09 | .39 | 0.37*** | .09 | .33 | |||
| Severe physical/emotional abuse | 0.16 | .19 | .15 | 0.11 | .19 | .10 | |||
| Severe sexual abuse | 0.39** | .14 | .34 | 0.33** | .13 | .29 | |||
| Interaction effects (ref. = low maltreatment) | |||||||||
| Age × Moderate Emotional Neglect Only | 0.01 | .03 | .01 | 0.01 | .03 | .01 | |||
| Age × Severe Physical/Emotional Abuse | 0.10 | .07 | .08 | 0.10 | .07 | .08 | |||
| Age × Severe Sexual Abuse | 0.19*** | .05 | .17 | 0.19*** | .05 | .17 | |||
| Race/ethnicity (ref. = NB Hispanic) | |||||||||
| NH Black versus NB Hispanic | −0.07 | .07 | −.06 | ||||||
| Hispanic Black versus NB Hispanic | 0.06 | .10 | .05 | ||||||
| NH other versus NB Hispanic | −0.04 | .16 | −.15 | ||||||
| Born in the United States | 0.16 | .11 | .13 | ||||||
| Parent received public assistance | 0.10 | .07 | .08 | ||||||
| Food insecurity | −0.09 | .13 | −.07 | ||||||
| Parent living status (ref. = lived together) | |||||||||
| Separated | 0.10 | .08 | .08 | ||||||
| Parent(s) deceased | 0.23 | .15 | .19 | ||||||
| Attend school | −0.08** | .03 | −.08 | ||||||
| History of depression | 0.16 | .10 | .15 | ||||||
| Age at menarche | −0.11*** | .03 | −.09 | ||||||
| Body mass index | 0.06* | .02 | .05 | ||||||
| Number of study visits | 0.02 | .03 | .02 | ||||||
| CTQ denial scale | −0.15* | .07 | −.12 | ||||||
| Random effects | |||||||||
| Random intercept variance | 0.92*** | .03 | 0.91*** | .03 | 0.89*** | .02 | |||
| Random slope variance | 0.23*** | .01 | 0.23*** | .01 | 0.23*** | .02 | |||
| Random intercept and slope covariance | 0.02 | .06 | 0.01 | .06 | 0.03 | .06 | |||
| Within-person residual variance | 0.44*** | .01 | 0.44*** | .01 | 0.44*** | .01 | |||
Note. Estimates were based on the multiple-imputed data (N = 882, observations = 3,518). The quadratic age term was not significant in Model 1 and was thus removed from subsequent models. NB = non-Black; NH = non-Hispanic; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.