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. 2021 Jun 30;12:643974. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643974

TABLE 4.

Overview of the quantity and characteristics of musicians classified into high/low categories for goals and emotion beliefs.

Practice goals
Meta-emotion beliefs
Mastery Enjoyment Emotion-Driven Practice Non-Hedonic Driven Practice
High
No. of musicians assigned 192 176 194 189
Age (median; years) 24 22 23 24
AoC (median; years) 6 7 7 7
YoP (median; years) 17 15 17 18
CLP (median; 1000 h) 10.9 6.7 10.6 11.2
Type (N; student/professional) 113/79 143/33 123/71 99/90
Low
No. of musicians assigned 229 245 227 232
Age (median; years) 20 24 22 20
AoC (median; years) 7 6 6 6
YoP (median; years) 16 17 16 13
CLP (median; 1000 h) 6.7 9.8 7.6 7.2
Type (N; student/professional) 188/41 158/87 178/49 202/30

Total sample N = 421; total students n = 301; total professionals n = 120. AoC, age of commencement; YoP, years of playing; CLP, cumulative life practice time.