Table 2.
List of subgroups and condition analyses within papers listed in Table 1.
| Record | References | Age (months) | Analysis type | Experimental condition or subgroup specification | N400 TW onset | N400 TW offset | Distribution: ant-post | Distribution: laterality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Borgström et al. (2015a) | EXP1 | 20 | Between-and-within-subjects | Regular pictures | 500 | 900 | P | LL/M/RL |
| Silhouette pictures high vocab* | 500 | 900 | C | M | |||||
| Silhouette pictures low vocab* | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| Detail picture | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| EXP2 | 24 | Between-and-within-subjects | Regular pictures | 500 | 900 | P | LL/M/RL | ||
| Silhouette pictures high vocab* | 500 | 900 | C | LL/M/RL | |||||
| Silhouette pictures low vocab* | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| Detail picture | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| 3 | Borgström et al. (2015b) | EXP1 | 20 | Within-subject | Pseudowords | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect |
| Real words | 400 | 800 | P | LL/M/RL | |||||
| EXP2 | 24 | Within-subject | Pseudowords | 400 | 1,000 | C,P | RL* | ||
| Real words | 400 | 800 | P | LL/M/RL | |||||
| 4 | Cantiani et al. (2017) | 20 | Between-and-within-subjects | Real words FH (not at risk) | 400 | 1,000 | C | RL | |
| Real words FH+ (at-risk) | 400 | 1,000 | B | LL/M/RL | |||||
| Pseudowords FH (not at risk) | 100 | 700 | P* | LL/M/RL | |||||
| Pseudowords FH+ (at-risk) | 400 | 700 | B* | LL/M/RL | |||||
| 10 | Friedrich and Friederici (2004) | 19 | Between-subjects | Real words-high comprehenders | 300–400; 600 | 1,000 | B | M/RL | |
| Real words-low-average comprehenders | 1,200 | 1,300 | B | L | |||||
| Friedrich and Friederici (2006) | 19 | Between-and-within-subjects | Real words-low risk L.I. | 250 | 1,200 | B | B | ||
| Real words-high risk L.I. | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| Pseudowords vs. non-words-low risk L.I | 250 | 1,100 | B | B | |||||
| Pseudowords vs. non-words-high risk L.I | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| Friedrich and Friederici (2010) | 12 | Between-subjects | Real words-high producers | 500 | 1,000 | C,P | RL | ||
| Real words-low-average producers | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| 14 | Friedrich et al. (2015) | 12 | Between-subjects | Object meaning no nap | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |
| Object meaning nap | 200 | 500 | B | LL/M/RL | |||||
| Category meaning no nap | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| Category meaning nap | 300 | 700 | F/C/P | M | |||||
| 15 | Friedrich et al. (2017) | 7 | Between-subjects | No nap | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |
| Short nap | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| Long nap | 376 | 710 | C/P | M/RL | |||||
| 16 | Friedrich et al. (2019) | 15 | Between-subjects | No nap | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |
| No spindle density increase; nap | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| Spindle density increase; nap | 600 | 1,000 | P | M | |||||
| 17 | Friedrich et al. (2020) | 15 | Between-subjects | New objects (nap and no nap) | 400 | 800 | P | LL/M/RL | |
| Old objects; no nap | 400 | 800 | P | LL/M/RL | |||||
| Old objects; nap | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| 18 | Helo et al. (2017) | 24 | Between-subjects | High producer | 400 | 700 | F | LL | |
| Normal-to-low producer | 550 | 700 | F | RL | |||||
| 22 | Mani et al. (2012) | 14 | Within-subjects | Mispronunciations | 400 | 600 | F/C | LL | |
| Non-words | 400 | 600 | F/C | LL | |||||
| 23 | Parise and Csibra (2012) | 9 | Between-subjects | Mother-speech | 500 | 650 | C/P | LL/RL | |
| EXperimenter-speech | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| 24 | Rämä et al. (2013) | EXP1 | 18 | Between-subjects | High producer | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect |
| Low producer | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| EXP2 | 24 | Between-subjects | High producer | 200 | 400 | P | RL | ||
| Low producer | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | |||||
| 25 | Sheehan et al. (2007) | 18 | Within-subject | Picture | 200 | 600 | B | LL/RL | |
| Gesture | 200 | 600 | F/C | LL/RL | |||||
| 26 | Sirri and Rämä (2015) | 18 | Between-subjects | High producer | 300 | 500 | C/P | B | |
| Low producer | 300 | 500 | C/P | B | |||||
| 27 | Torkildsen et al. (2006) | 20 | Between-subjects | High producer (within and between category violations) | 600 | 700 | B | LL/RL | |
| Low producer (within and between category violations) | 1,100 | 1,250 | B | LL | |||||
| ∧Torkildsen et al. (2007b) | Additional group of infants at risk of dyslexia∧ | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | Null effect | ||||
| 28 | Torkildsen et al. (2007b) | 24 | Between-subjects | Typically developing | 400 | 700 | F | M | |
| Additional group of infants at risk of dyslexia∧ | 600 | 700 | B | LH | |||||
| 29 | Torkildsen et al. (2008) | 24 | Between-and-within-subjects | High producer-familiar words | 400 | 800 | B | B | |
| Low producer-familiar words | 400 | 800 | C/P | M | |||||
| High producer-novel words | 200 | 800 | CP | Midline | |||||
| Low producer-novel words | 400 | 800 | C/P | M/RL | |||||
Studies are sorted by the original record that published findings (see Table 1); the second column with Author and publication lists the source in which the subgroups or within-subjects are analyzed.
*
Results from a single TW interaction;
∧
Results published in an additional paper.
TW, time window; Distribution Ant/Post, Anterior-Posterior axis {B, broad; C, central, F, frontal, P, parietal}; distribution laterality-axis {LL, left-lateralized; RL, right-lateralized; ML, midline; B, broad}; FH, familial risk of language impairments; L.I., language impairments Table 1.