FIGURE 3.

PAB prevents vessel formation in vitro and in vivo. A, B, HUVECs were co‐cultured with CM, vehicle‐treated M1 macrophage CM or PAB‐treated M1 macrophage CM from LPS‐induced Raw 264.7 cells for 24 h. Wound healing assay was performed. Scale bar: 50 µm. C, VEGF‐A levels in the supernatant of LPS‐stimulated Raw 264.7 cells treated with or without PAB were analysed by ELISA. D, E, HUVECs were co‐cultured with the supernatant of Raw 264.7 cells, and tube formation was evaluated by tube formation assay (D). HUVEC tube length was measured and demonstrated in (E). Scale bar: 50 µm. (n = 3). F, Tibias from sham, vehicle‐treated DMM mice and PAB‐treated DMM mice were presented after 5 wk surgery. G‐I, Representative immunofluorescence double staining (H) and quantification (G and I) of cells positive for endomucin (green) and CD31 (red) in mice after DMM surgery for 5 weeks (n ≥ 4), mice were treated with or without PAB as shown. Scale bar: 50 µm. Higher magnification is demonstrated on the right top. Sham, sham surgery; AC, articular cartilage; MM, medial meniscus. CM, conditioned medium. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P <.001