TABLE 1.
Molecular targets and mechanisms underlying impacts of exosomal miRs secreting by various immune cells after MI
| Immune cells | Exosomal miRs | Target cells | Molecular targets | Physiological effects after MI | Underlying mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dendritic cell | miR‑494‑3p | CMECs | VEGF |
‐ Enhancing angiogenesis ‐ Ameliorating the infarcted myocardium |
‐ | 52 |
| Macrophage | miR‐155 | Cardiac fibroblasts |
‐ SOCS1 ‐ SoS1 |
‐ Intensifying cardiac inflammation ‐ Inducing cardiac rupture |
‐ Suppressing fibroblast proliferation ‐ Increasing the expression of TNF‐α, IL1β, and CCL2 ‐ Reducing the production of collagen |
80 |
| M1 macrophage | miR‐155 | CMECs |
‐ RAC1 ‐ PAK2 ‐ Sirt1 ‐ AMPKα2 |
‐ Suppressing angiogenesis ‐ Exacerbating myocardial injury ‐ Hindering cardiac healing |
‐ Depressing Sirt1/AMPKα2‐endothelial nitric oxide synthase ‐ Depressing RAC1‐PAK2 signalling pathways |
82 |
| M2 macrophage | miR‐148a | Cardiomyocytes | TXNIP |
‐ Increasing the viability of injured cardiomyocytes ‐ Reducing the infarct size ‐ Ameliorating MI/R injury |
‐ Inactivating the TLR4/NF‐κB/NLRP3 signalling pathway ‐ Alleviating Ca2+ overload ‐Regulating cardiac enzymes like CK, CK‐MB, and lactate dehydrogenase |
75 |
| CD4+ T cells | miR‐142‐3p | Cardiac fibroblasts | APC |
‐ Triggering myofibroblast activation and fibrogenesis ‐ Deteriorating cardiac fibrosis ‐ Worsening cardiac dysfunction ‐ Inducing abnormal cardiac remodelling |
‐ Inducing β‐catenin degradation ‐ Modulating GSK‐β‐β‐catenin signal cascade ‐ Increasing TGF production |
116 |
Abbreviations: AMPKα2, AMPactivated catalytic subunit alpha 2; APC, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli; CCL2, C‐C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2; CK, Creatine Kinase; CK‐MB, Creatine Kinase Myocardial Band; CMECs, Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells; GSK‐β, Glycogen Synthase Kinase beta; IL‐1β, Interleukin 1 beta; MI, Myocardial Infarction; miRs, microRNAs, NF‐κB, Nuclear factor‐κB; NLRP3, NLR family Pyrin domain containing 3; PAK2, p21 (RAC1)‐Activated Kinase 2; RAC1, Rac family small GTPase 1; Sirt1, Sirtuin 1; SOCS1, Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 1; SoS1, Son of Sevenless gene 1; TGF, Tumour Growth Factor; TNF‐α, Tumour Necrosis Factor‐alpha; TXNIP, Thioredoxin‐Interacting Protein; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.