Table 3.

Random-intercepts cross-lagged panel model of ANX and EF across four time-points.

	Estimate	95% CI	Cohen’s d
Within-person cross-lagged effects
(ANX)[T-1] ➔ (EF)[T]	−0.025	[−0.101, 0.051]	−0.062
(EF)[T-1] ➔ (ANX)[T]	−0.025	[−0.101, 0.051]	−0.062
Within-person autoregressive effects
(ANX)[T-1] ➔ (ANX)[T]	0.120*	[0.026, 0.213]	0.245
(EF)[T-1] ➔ (EF)[T]	0.287	[0.070, 0.643]	0.151
Between-person covariances
(EF)[T] ↔ (ANX)[T]	−0.008	[−0.020, 0.003]	−0.128
RI(EF)[T] ↔ RI(ANX)[T]	−0.070***	[−0.104, −0.036]	−0.395
RI(ANX)[T] ↔ (ANX)[T1]	0.104*	[0.006, 0.201]	0.200
RI(EF)[T] ↔ (EF)[T1]	−0.125***	[−0.175, −0.074]	−0.462
Between-person intercepts
Mean of (ANX)[T1]	0.229***	[0.182, 0.277]	0.916
Mean of (ANX)[T2]	0.141***	[0.064, 0.217]	0.347
Mean of (ANX)[T3]	0.176***	[0.109, 0.243]	0.497
Mean of (ANX)[T4]	0.149***	[0.76, 0.222]	0.387
Mean of (EF)[T1]	−0.000	[−0.058, 0.058]	0.000
Mean of (EF)[T2]	−0.096*	[−0.171, −0.021]	−0.243
Mean of (EF)[T3]	−0.657***	[−0.733, −0.582]	−1.617
Mean of (EF)[T4]	−0.789***	[−0.875, −0.704]	−1.762
Variances
Variance of RI(ANX)[T1-T4]	0.000	–	–
Variance of RI(EF)[T1-T4]	0.912***	[0.816, 1.009]	1.786
Variance of (ANX)[T1]	0.297**	[0.107, 0.486]	1.584
Variance of (EF)[T1]	0.088***	[0.052, 0.123]	0.338
Variance of (ANX)[T2-T4]	0.262***	[0.151, 0.373]	0.441
Variance of (EF)[T2-T4]	0.090***	[0.058, 0.122]	0.540

Note: Model fit indices: χ²(df = 24) = 33.102, p = 0.102, CFI = 0.982, RMSEA = 0.021, 95% CI [0.008, 0.031]. Within-person cross-lagged effects refer to level in ANX at a prior time-point (T-1) predicting (➔) future Δ in EF at the next adjacent time-point (T) (and vice versa). Within-person coupling effects and proportional effects, residual covariances between ANX and EF, as well as variances of ANX and EF were each uniquely fixed to be equal across all three time-lags.

Abbreviations: ANX, anxiety severity; CI, confidence interval; EF, executive functioning; RI, random intercept.

^* p < 0.05.

^** p < 0.01.

^*** p < 0.001.