. 2021 Feb 25;43(7-8):283–293. doi: 10.1177/0164027521996191

Table 3.

Practices coded (✓) and Absent (x) in Studies with Exclusive Participant Groups and Content.

Practice^a	Exclusive Participant Group				Exclusive Program Content
	Youth		Older Adults		Arts	Social Visits	Mentoring
	PreK -12	University	Independent	Frail	Arts	Social Visits	Mentoring
1. Friendship	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
2. Environment	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
3. Training	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
4. Empathy	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
5. Cooperation	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	✓
6. Roles^b	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
7. Time	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	✓	✓
8. Structure	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	x
9. Authority	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	✓
10. Technology	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	✓
11. Facilitation	✓	x	x	✓	x	x	✓
12. Novelty	✓	✓	✓	x	✓	x	x
13. Equal status	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	x	x

^a Includes meaningful role sub-codes: (a) decision-making and (b) mentoring/reverse mentoring.

^b Table 2 provides detailed operationalization and examples of practices.