Table 1. Risk of bias summary showing judgments about each risk of bias domain in ROBINS-I and overall bias assessment across all domains.
| Domain 1: Bias owing to confounding | Domain 2: Bias in selection of participants into the study | Domain 3: Bias in classification of interventions | Domain 4 ITT: Bias owing to deviations from intended interventions: effects of assignment to intervention | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author, publication year | LYL | JB | KB | LYL | JB | KB | LYL | JB | KB | LYL | JB | KB |
| Margolis 200527 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | NI | NI | ||||
| Margolis 201228 | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | NI | NI | ||||
| Basak 201329 | Critical | Critical | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | NI | NI | ||||
| Adams 198531 | Critical | Critical | NI | NI | Low | Low | NI | NI |
| Domain 4: Bias owing to deviations from intended interventions: effect of starting and adhering to intervention | Domain 5: Bias owing to missing data | Domain 6: Bias in measurement of outcomes | Domain 7: Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall bias assessment across all domains | ||||||||||
| LYL | JB | KB | LYL | JB | KB | LYL | JB | KB | LYL | JB | KB | LYL | JB | KB |
| NI | NI | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | |||||
| NI | NI | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | |||||
| NI | NI | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | |||||
| NI | NI | NI | NI | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Serious | |||||
Authors: LYL, JB, KB. ITT = intention-to-treat. NI = no information. ROBINS-I = Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions.