Figure 2.

EPO derivatives with tissue protective features benefited IR-injured kidneys at both acute and chronic stages. CEPO, HBSP and CHBP occupied EPOR/βcR on identified cells, reduced the apoptotic death of TECs, and the infiltration, pro-inflammatory transformation and maturation of inflammatory cells at the acute injury stage. The potential role of EPOR/βcR on the phagocytic function of TECs needs further study. These EPO derivatives also promoted the proliferation of TECs and transformation of macrophages to the M2 phenotype (anti-inflammatory) and reversed the proliferation of myofibroblasts and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen in interstitial areas at the chronic repair stage.