Table 1.
Participant characteristics by gender for adults (18 +) and adolescents [10–17 years]
| Adults (≥ 18 years) | Adolescents (10–17 years) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 496) | Men (n = 258) | Women (n = 238) | All (n = 90) | Boys (n = 46) | Girls (n = 44) | |
| Age [median (min–max)] | 27.4 (18.1–47.5) | 28.3 (18.1- 47.5) | 26.4 (18.1- 45.2) * | 14.9 (9.8–17.9) | 15.3 (11.0–17.9) | 14.6 (9.7–17.8) |
| Education (%) | ||||||
| Primary school | 2.1 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 60.7 | 56.5 | 65.1 |
| Secondary school | 40.6 | 45.0 | 36.1 | 39.3 | 43.5 | 34.9 |
| University/college | 57.3 | 51.7 | 63.0* | |||
| Smoking(cigarettes) (%) | ||||||
| Never | 64.4 | 62.3 | 66.5 | 95.4 | 93.3 | 97.6 |
| Previous | 24.2 | 23.7 | 24.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.4 |
| Current | 11.4 | 14.0 | 8.7 | 2.3 | 4.4 | - |
| Fasting(% yes) | 41.6 | 41.2 | 42.0 | 28.1 | 26.7 | 29.6 |
| Time of urine collection (%) | ||||||
| Before 10 AM | 18.4 | 16.8 | 20.2 | 13.3 | 10.9 | 15.9 |
| 10 AM-12 PM | 39.3 | 39.1 | 39.5 | 31.1 | 34.8 | 27.3 |
| 12–2 PM | 37.3 | 39.9 | 34.4 | 25.6 | 19.6 | 31.8 |
| After 2 PM | 5.0 | 4.3 | 5.9 | 30.0 | 34.8 | 25.0 |
| Current eczema (% yes) | 11.3 | 9.5 | 13.3 | 12.2 | 10.9 | 13.6 |
| Current rhinitis (% yes) | 44.1 | 43.6 | 44.7 | 31.1 | 39.1 | 22.7 |
| Current asthma (% yes) | 6.75 | 4.7 | 8.9 | 11.6 | 9.3 | 13.9 |
| Spesific IgE (% yes) | 43.5 | 50.5 | 35.8** | 56.0 | 65.9 | 44.1 |
| BMI-group (kg/m2)(%) | ||||||
| < 18.5 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 9.5 |
| ≥ 18.5–25 | 56.5 | 44.2 | 69.8 | 75.6 | 75.0 | 76.2 |
| ≥ 25–30 | 30.4 | 41.4 | 18.5 | 15.1 | 18.2 | 11.9 |
| ≥ 30 | 11.3 | 13.2 | 9.2** | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
*P-value < 0.05 and **P-value < 0.01 for difference between gender categories (Pearson’s chi square for categorical variable, t-test for continuous variables). Information on gender was missing for 4 participants (3 adults and 1 adolescent not included in the table) who had provided urine samples. BMI categories for adolescents: international BMI definitions for normal weight, overweight or obese. IgE positivity defined by IgE ≥ 0.35 kU/L to at least 1 of 5 allergens tested (cat, timothy grass, Cladosporium, birch, and house dust mite). Observation missing: Education: 28 (adults), 1 (adolescent); smoking: 30 (adults), 3 (adolescents); Fasting: 1 (adult); Current eczema: 18 (adults), Current asthma: 7 (adults), 4 (adolescents); Current rhinitits: 18 (adults); specific IgE: 18 (adults), 15 (adolescents), BMI;3 (adolescent); time of urine collections: no missing