Table 3.
Japan | Korea | Taiwan | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | B | SE | p | ||
Individual characteristics | ||||||||||
Sex | Male | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
Female | −0.910 | 0.154 | <0.001 | 1.249 | 0.159 | <0.001 | −0.126 | 0.048 | 0.008 | |
Age | 50–64 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
65–74 | 1.454 | 0.336 | <0.001 | 0.128 | 0.280 | 0.648 | 0.311 | 0.083 | <0.001 | |
75–84 | 2.301 | 0.307 | <0.001 | 0.197 | 0.254 | 0.438 | 0.696 | 0.075 | <0.001 | |
85 + | 1.232 | 0.304 | <0.001 | −0.313 | 0.269 | 0.246 | 1.045 | 0.077 | <0.001 | |
Household income level | Q1 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |||
Q2 | −0.341 | 0.192 | 0.076 | −0.211 | 0.206 | 0.304 | ||||
Q3 | −0.131 | 0.198 | 0.510 | −0.362 | 0.206 | 0.079 | ||||
Q4 | 0.273 | 0.192 | 0.155 | −0.382 | 0.207 | 0.066 | ||||
Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
1 | 2.377 | 0.244 | <0.001 | 0.323 | 0.157 | 0.039 | 0.500 | 0.058 | <0.001 | |
2 | −0.836 | 0.153 | <0.001 | 1.380 | 0.229 | <0.001 | 0.649 | 0.071 | <0.001 | |
3 | 1.683 | 0.354 | <0.001 | 3.176 | 0.383 | <0.001 | 0.690 | 0.099 | <0.001 | |
4+ | −0.231 | 0.299 | 0.440 | 2.571 | 0.545 | <0.001 | 0.825 | 0.100 | <0.001 | |
Surgical intervention/ Procedure | Internal fixation | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
Hemiarthroplasty | 0.251 | 0.135 | 0.063 | −0.293 | 0.148 | 0.048 | 0.463 | 0.047 | <0.001 | |
Total hip arthroplasty | 2.351 | 0.625 | <0.001 | −0.415 | 0.375 | 0.269 | 1.070 | 0.386 | 0.006 | |
Hospital characteristics | ||||||||||
Location | Urban | −2.789 | 0.987 | 0.005 | −3.408 | 1.736 | 0.050 | −0.422 | 0.409 | 0.304 |
Rural | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |
Ownership | Public | −3.265 | 0.771 | <0.001 | 5.336 | 1.057 | <0.001 | −0.135 | 0.197 | 0.493 |
Private/Other | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |
Teaching hospital | Yes | −6.319 | 1.512 | <0.001 | −3.043 | 0.948 | 0.001 | 0.128 | 0.280 | 0.647 |
No | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | |
No. of hosp. Beds | 30–99 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
100–399 | −1.462 | 2.239 | 0.514 | 4.376 | 0.677 | <0.001 | 1.976 | 0.620 | 0.002 | |
400+ | −8.584 | 2.316 | <0.001 | 1.745 | 1.049 | 0.097 | 2.311 | 0.611 | <0.001 | |
No. of hip fracture patients | Q1 | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) | (ref.) |
Q2 | −2.258 | 1.064 | 0.034 | −1.684 | 0.852 | 0.048 | −0.919 | 0.361 | 0.011 | |
Q3 | −4.930 | 1.077 | <0.001 | −0.536 | 0.895 | 0.550 | −1.288 | 0.396 | 0.001 | |
Q4 | −12.407 | 1.087 | <0.001 | −0.949 | 0.969 | 0.328 | −1.354 | 0.413 | 0.001 | |
Regional characteristics (for hospital location) |
Disposable income (USD PPP, 2010) | 0.255 | 0.271 | 0.347 | −0.389 | 0.369 | 0.292 | 0.081 | 0.078 | 0.300 |
Herfindahl-Hirschman index | 2.385 | 1.075 | 0.027 | 1.489 | 0.636 | 0.019 | −1.092 | 0.394 | 0.006 | |
% elderly living alone | −0.216 | 0.157 | 0.168 | 0.748 | 0.292 | 0.011 | 0.007 | 0.083 | 0.929 | |
No. of physicians per 1000 persons | 2.576 | 1.374 | 0.061 | −0.094 | 0.894 | 0.916 | −0.922 | 0.543 | 0.091 | |
No. of hospital beds per 1000 persons | −0.124 | 0.197 | 0.528 | −0.069 | 0.086 | 0.421 | 0.098 | 0.149 | 0.511 | |
No. of home care facilities per 10,000 persons | −0.145 | 0.111 | 0.192 | −1.716 | 0.760 | 0.024 | −0.402 | 0.867 | 0.643 | |
% social welfare expenditure | 0.289 | 0.101 | 0.004 | 0.232 | 0.126 | 0.067 | −0.010 | 0.096 | 0.918 |
aThe intraclass correlation coefficient in each analytic model is as follows: Japan (0.306), Korea (0.233), and Taiwan (0.142)