Table 4.

Factors associated with total cost of hip fracture surgery for patients during an index hospitalization in Japan, Korea, & Taiwan^a

		Japan			Korea			Taiwan
		B	SE	p	B	SE	p	B	SE	P
Individual characteristics
Sex	Male	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
	Female	−0.026	0.003	<0.001	0.009	0.004	0.014	−0.009	0.004	0.021
Age	50–64	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
	65–74	0.019	0.007	0.005	0.075	0.007	<0.001	0.043	0.006	<0.001
	75–84	0.030	0.006	<0.001	0.117	0.006	<0.001	0.065	0.006	<0.001
	85 +	0.020	0.006	0.001	0.133	0.006	<0.001	0.096	0.006	<0.001
Household income level	Q1				(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
	Q2				0.011	0.005	0.013	−0.014	0.016	0.382
	Q3				0.010	0.005	0.044	−0.016	0.016	0.303
	Q4				0.013	0.005	0.005	−0.027	0.016	0.098
Charlson Comorbidity Index	0	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
	1	0.072	0.005	<0.001	0.023	0.004	<0.001	0.045	0.005	<0.001
	2	0.007	0.003	0.039	0.075	0.005	<0.001	0.083	0.006	<0.001
	3	0.080	0.007	<0.001	0.155	0.009	<0.001	0.104	0.008	<0.001
	4+	0.027	0.006	<0.001	0.199	0.013	<0.001	0.105	0.008	<0.001
Surgical intervention/ Procedure	Internal fixation	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
	Hemiarthroplasty	0.248	0.003	<0.001	0.283	0.004	<0.001	0.461	0.004	<0.001
	Total hip arthroplasty	0.447	0.013	<0.001	0.412	0.009	<0.001	0.522	0.030	<0.001
Hospital characteristics
Location	Urban	−0.021	0.013	0.104	0.006	0.048	0.907	−0.002	0.026	0.933
	Rural	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
Ownership	Public	−0.046	0.010	<0.001	0.256	0.029	<0.001	−0.034	0.012	0.006
	Private, others	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
Teaching hospital	Yes	0.036	0.020	0.074	0.034	0.027	0.206	−0.036	0.018	0.041
	No	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
No. of Hosp. beds	30–99	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
	100–399	0.000	0.030	0.996	0.151	0.018	<0.001	0.111	0.042	0.009
	400+	−0.057	0.031	0.064	0.225	0.029	<0.001	0.160	0.042	<0.001
No. of hip fracture patients	Q1	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)	(ref.)
	Q2	−0.003	0.014	0.832	−0.014	0.022	0.521	−0.007	0.025	0.769
	Q3	−0.020	0.014	0.164	0.065	0.024	0.006	−0.037	0.027	0.175
	Q4	−0.105	0.014	<0.001	0.114	0.026	<0.001	0.010	0.028	0.719
Regional characteristics (where the hospital located)	Disposable income (USD PPP, 2010)	−0.001	0.004	0.724	0.005	0.010	0.625	−0.002	0.005	0.721
	Herfindahl-Hirschman index	0.027	0.014	0.052	0.045	0.018	0.011	−0.034	0.025	0.171
	% elderly lives alone	0.001	0.002	0.479	0.010	0.008	0.223	−0.003	0.005	0.605
	No. of physicians per 1000 persons	0.019	0.018	0.296	−0.006	0.025	0.816	−0.048	0.034	0.159
	No. of hospital beds per 1000 persons	−0.005	0.003	0.048	−0.001	0.002	0.647	0.007	0.009	0.450
	No. of home care facilities per 10,000 persons	−0.001	0.001	0.622	0.003	0.021	0.904	−0.009	0.055	0.872
	% social welfare expenditure	0.003	0.001	0.025	0.002	0.003	0.663	−0.001	0.006	0.815

^aThe intraclass correlation coefficient in each analytic model is as follows: Japan (0.138), Korea (0.298), and Taiwan (0.090)