Table 4.
Pooled comorbidity proportion by female percentage within studies
| Associated condition category | Associated condition | Female percentage ≥ 77.8 % (67 studies) | Female percentage < 77.8 % (67 studies) | Heterogeneity between Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancers | Any cancer | 2 % (2–5 %) | 2 % (2–3 %) | p = .077 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | Ischemic heart disease | 5 % (1–10 %) | 8 % (5–12 %) | p = .261 |
| Stroke/Cerebrovascular | 3 % (2–4 %) | 5 % (2–10 %) | p = .447 | |
| Hypertension | 18 % (15–21 %) | 29 % (24–34 %) | p < .001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 1 % (1–1 %) | 2 % (0–6 %) | p = .193 | |
| Digestive diseases | Upper digestive system diseases | 12 % (5–22 %) | 6 % (5–8 %) | p = .111 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 7 % (4–9 %) | 11 % (7–18 %) | p = .090 | |
| Metabolic and kidney diseases | Diabetes mellitus | 5 % (3–8 %) | 7 % (5–9 %) | p = .650 |
| Chronic kidney disease | – | 3 % (0–10 %) | – | |
| Obesity | 21 % (18–24 %) | 21 % (12–32 %) | p = .924 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 12 % (7–19 %) | 17 % (8–29 %) | p = .419 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 22 % (8–41 %) | 28 % (12–48 %) | p = .659 | |
| Thyroid diseases | 13 % (2–31 %) | 11 % (7–16 %) | p = .638 | |
| Musculoskeletal disorders | Arthritis | 11 % (0–30 %) | 15 % (10–21 %) | p = .772 |
| Back pain | 39 % (4–83 %) | 66 % (65–67 %) | p = .234 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 31 % (25–36 %) | 2 % (2–2 %) | p < .001 | |
| Neurological disorders | Parkinson disease | – | 1 % (1–2 %) | – |
| Idiopathic epilepsy | 1 % (1–1 %) | 2 % (1–3 %) | p = .112 | |
| Sleep disorder | 48 % (27–69 %) | 47 % (41–53 %) | p = .950 | |
| Restless leg syndrome | 35 % (24–48 %) | 9 % (4–16 %) | p < .001 | |
| Mental health disorders | Depressive disorders | 29 % (23–36 %) | 19 % (16–21 %) | p = .001 |
| Bipolar disorder | 1 % (1–1 %) | 7 % (0–21 %) | p = .147 | |
| Anxiety disorders | 32 % (24–40 %) | 20 % (22–28 %) | p = .004 | |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 17 % (3–40 %) | 10 % (8–13 %) | p = .491 | |
| Respiratory diseases | Asthma | 2 % (2–3 %) | 8 % (4–12 %) | p = .002 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 (2–3 %) | 7 % (0–22 %) | p = .342 | |
| Sense organ disease | Any sense organ diseases | 7 % (4–10 %) | 51 % (37–64 %) | p < .001 |
| Skin and subcutaneous disease | Any skin and subcutaneous disease | 1 % (0–3 %) | 7 % (7–7 %) | p < .001 |
| Substance use disorders | Any substance use disorder | 7 % (0–27 %) | 4 % (2–5 %) | p = .622 |
| Other NCDs | Oral disorders | 66 % (17–100 %) | 69 % (53–82 %) | p = .898 |
| Hemoglobinopathies and hemolytic anemias | 0 % (0–2 %) | 3 % (3–3 %) | p = .300 | |
| Other disorders (Congenital birth defects & Gynecological diseases) | 33 % (0–85 %) | 15 % (10–21 %) | p = .430 | |
| Allergies | 12 % (6–20 %) | 29 % (15–45 %) | p = .043 |