Table 4.

Description of Neuropsychological Tests

Test	Description	Cognitive domain
CERAD Auditory-Verbal Learning Test-Immediate	First, the patients were read ten words. Then, they were required to recall the words as many as possible. This was repeated twice; yet, the word order was changed every time. The maximum number of words correctly recalled was recorded	Memory
CERAD Auditory-Verbal Learning Test-Delayed	After 15 min, the patients were required to recall as many as possible of the ten words from the CERAD Auditory-Verbal Learning Test-Immediate without rereading. The number of words correctly remembered was recorded	Memory
Trail Making Task Part A	Twenty-five circles numbered 1–25 distributed over a sheet of paper. The patients were instructed to connect the circles by drawing lines with the numbers in ascending order as fast as possible. The time spent to complete the task was the score.to be recorded	Executive functioning
Trail Making Task Part B	Twenty-five circles were distributed over a sheet of paper; the circles included either numbers (1–13) or letters (A-L). The patients were instructed to connect the circles by drawing lines between the numbers and letters in ascending order (i.e.,1-A-2-B-3-C, and so on). The time spent to complete the task was recorded as the score	Executive functioning
Digit Symbol Substitution Test	The patients were required to reproduce coded symbols on paper as many as possible within blank boxes beneath the digits randomly generated, based on a coding scheme that paired the digits with symbols. The number of correct symbols reproduced within 90 s was recorded as the score	Memory and processing function
Controlled Oral Word Association Test	The patients were instructed to say words as many as possible within 60 s that start with a given Chinese character component. “氵, 亻, and 日” were tested	Verbal fluency test
CERAD Semantic Fluency Test	The patients were instructed to make a list of words as many as possible within 60 secondsfrom a predefined category (fruits). The number of correct answers was recorded	Verbal fluency test of semantic memory
Grooved Pegboard Test (Dominant Hand)	The patients were required to insert 25 keyed pegs into a pegboard which was specially designed with randomly positioned slots. The pegs must match the hole, or they cannot be inserted.The time spent to complete the task was recorded	Requires complex visual-motor coordination and evaluates the lateralized injury
Grooved Pegboard Test (Nondominant Hand)	The patients completed the same task with the nondominant hand. The time taken to complete the task was recorded	Requires complex visual-motor coordination and evaluates the lateralized injury

Adapted from Silbert et al. [13]

CERAD , the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease