Table 2.
Cox proportional models* reporting hazard ratios for in-hospital COVID-19 mortality in 505 hospitalised patients (overall study population) stratified by diabetes status.
| Variable | Non-DM-COVID-19 model HR (95% CI) | P | DM-COVID-19 model HR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age categories (years) | 0.01 | – | 0.28 | |
| 16–60 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 60.1–70 | 6.48 (1.40–29.93) | 0.02 | 2.49 (0.30–20.33) | 0.39 |
| >70 | 8.61 (2.15–34.52) | 0.002 | 3.36 (0.73–14.65) | 0.12 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Male | 1.09 (0.58–2.06) | 0.79 | 0.57 (0.24–1.36) | 0.21 |
| BMI categories (kg/m2) | 0.07 | 0.02 | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 25–29.9 | 1.25 (0.60–2.61) | 0.55 | 0.82 (0.20–3.43) | 0.79 |
| 30–34.9 | 0.64 (0.23–1.79) | 0.39 | 1.71 (0.41–7.22) | 0.46 |
| 35–39.9 | 3.11 (1.12–8.60) | 0.03 | 2.23 (0.33–14.93) | 0.41 |
| > 40 | 2.88 (0.59–14.09) | 0.19 | 5.45 (1.47–20.23) | 0.01 |
| 0–18.5 | 0.62 (0.23–1.65) | 0.34 | 51.21 (2.97–882.31) | 0.007 |
| Index of multiple deprivation (centiles) | 0.01 | 0.85 | ||
| 7–10 (least deprivation) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 1–3 (most deprivation) | 5.40 (1.72–16.96) | 0.004 | 0.73 (0.19–2.84) | 0.65 |
| 4–6 (intermediate deprivation) | 2.91 (0.95–8.98) | 0.06 | 0.65 (0.15–2.83) | 0.56 |
| Admission respiratory rate > 22 (breaths per minutes) | 2.14 (1.02–4.48) | 0.04 | 4.03 (1.33–12.21) | 0.014 |
| Admission albumin > 37 (g/L) | 0.43 (0.23–0.80) | 0.01 | 1.69 (0.55–5.16) | 0.36 |
| Admission sodium > 136 (mmol/L) | 1.41 (0.75–2.63) | 0.28 | 3.27 (1.12–9.56) | 0.03 |
| Admission potassium > 3.5 (mmol/L) | 0.90 (0.41–1.96) | 0.79 | 0.18 (0.06–0.53) | 0.002 |
| Admission urea > 7 (mmol/L) | 0.67 (0.29–1.55) | 0.35 | 1.35 (0.36–5.06) | 0.65 |
| Admission creatinine > 100 (μmol/L) | 1.09 (0.54–2.18) | 0.81 | 0.80 (0.22–2.88) | 0.73 |
| Admission neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio > 8 | 1.36 (0.70–2.64) | 0.37 | 6.18 (2.36–16.6) | <0.001 |
| Admission APTT | 0.79 | 0.01 | ||
| Admission APTT > 24 (seconds) | 1.28 (0.64–2.58) | 0.49 | 6.38 (1.07–37.07) | 0.04 |
| Admission APTT > 24 s and on anticoagulant | 1.15 (0.50–2.63) | 0.75 | 24.01 (3.63–159.01) | <0.001 |
| Admission glucose categories mmol/L (mg/dL) | 0.54 | |||
| Glucose 4.1–11 (74–198) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Hypoglycaemia < 4 (72) | – | – | 0.31 (0.04–2.37) | 0.26 |
| Hyperglycaemia 11.1–14 (200–252) | – | – | 2.52 (0.66–9.59) | 0.17 |
| Hyperglycaemia 14.1–20 (254–360) | – | – | 1.68 (0.43–6.56) | 0.45 |
| Hyperglycaemia 20.1–27 (362–486) | – | – | 0.89 (0.14–5.48) | 0.90 |
| Hyperglycaemia > 27.1 (488) | – | – | 3.28 (0.18–59.63) | 0.42 |
| Admission HbA1c (mmol/mol) | – | – | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.52 |
Age and sex were essential values, additional covariates selected based on significance on bivariate analysis for the non-DM-COVID-19 model were: BMI, index of multiple deprivation, admission respiratory rate, and albumin. The DM-COVID-19 model included: BMI, admission respiratory rate, sodium, potassium, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, and admission APTT with or without use of anticoagulants. Additional variables in the DM model that were non-significant were: on HbA1c on admission, hypoglycaemia and stratified hyperglycaemia, and serum creatinine > 100 (μmol/L) on admission. Reference categories for analyses were as follows: age 16–60 years, female sex, BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, and index of multiple deprivation 7–10 (least deprivation) centiles. Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus: Non-DM, no diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time.