Table 3.
Prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection among residents aged 15 to 59 years, and intra‐ and inter‐survey prevalence ratios, Chókwè Health Demographic Surveillance System, Chókwè District, Mozambique, 2014 to 2019
| Round 1 (04/2014 to 04/2015) | Round 3 (03/2016 to 12/2016) | Round 5 (04/2018 to 03/2019) | Round 3 vs. Round 1 | Round 5 vs. Round 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n a | % (95% CI) b | APR (95% CI) c | n | % (95% CI) b | APR (95% CI) c | n | % (95% CI) b | APR (95% CI) c | PR (95% CI) c | PR (95% CI) c | |
| Total | 2983 | 6.6 (5.6 to 7.5) | – | 5048 | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.1) | – | 4065 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.5) | – | 0.25 (0.19 to 0.34) | 0.64 (0.41 to 1.01) |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Women | 1896 | 6.2 (5.1 to 7.3) | Referent | 3682 | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.3) | Referent | 2895 | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.7) | Referent | 0.29 (0.21 to 0.40) | 0.63 (0.38 to 1.07) |
| Men | 1087 | 7.1 (5.3 to 8.9) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1366 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.1) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.6) | 1170 | 0.9 (0.3 to 1.6) | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.2) | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.35) | 0.66 (0.27 to 1.59) |
| Age group (years) | |||||||||||
| 15 to 24 | 1181 | 3.8 (2.6 to 4.9) | Referent | 1927 | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) | Referent | 1835 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.1) | Referent | 0.32 (0.19 to 0.53) | 0.54 (0.24 to 1.18) |
| 25 to 44 | 1255 | 9.3 (7.6 to 11.0) | 2.5 (1.8 to 3.6) | 2091 | 2.4 (1.6 to 3.1) | 2.0 (1.1 to 3.4) | 1500 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.1) | 2.2 (0.9 to 4.9) | 0.25 (0.17 to 0.37) | 0.59 (0.32 to 1.09) |
| 45 to 59 | 547 | 6.4 (4.0 to 8.9) | 1.8 (1.1 to 2.9) | 1030 | 1.0 (0.2 to 1.8) | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.1) | 730 | 1.3 (0.3 to 2.3) | 1.9 (0.6 to 5.9) | 0.16 (0.07 to 0.38) | 1.23 (0.40 to 3.76) |
| Residence | |||||||||||
| Chókwè town | 1385 | 6.3 (5.0 to 7.7) | Referent | 1840 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) | Referent | 1587 | 1.1 (0.5 to 1.7) | Referent | 0.22 (0.14 to 0.35) | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.48) |
| District villages | 1598 | 7.0 (5.6 to 8.3) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) | 3208 | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.7) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | 2478 | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.5) | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.0) | 0.30 (0.21 to 0.43) | 0.51 (0.31 to 0.86) |
| Sexual partners in past 12 months | |||||||||||
| 0 | 461 | 4.2 (2.2 to 6.2) | Referent | 1040 | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) | Referent | 1028 | 0.5 (0.0 to 1.0) | Referent | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.32) | 0.90 (0.24 to 3.34) |
| 1 | 1747 | 6.7 (5.5 to 7.9) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.1) | 3195 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.4) | 2.8 (1.1 to 7.0) | 2806 | 1.3 (0.7 to 1.8) | 2.3 (0.7 to 7.2) | 0.28 (0.20 to 0.39) | 0.68 (0.41 to 1.14) |
| >1 | 772 | 7.6 (5.5 to 9.7) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.5) | 801 | 2.1 (1.0 to 3.2) | 3.9 (1.5 to 10.2) | 229 | 0.9 (0.0 to 2.1) | 1.8 (0.3 to 11.7) | 0.28 (0.15 to 0.51) | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.84) |
| Condom use in past 12 months | |||||||||||
| No partners/always | 616 | 1.9 (0.8 to 3.0) | Referent | 1055 | 0.5 (0.0 to 1.0) | Referent | 1073 | 0.4 (0.0 to 0.8) | Referent | 0.26 (0.08 to 0.87) | 0.82 (0.19 to 3.55) |
| Sometimes/never | 2363 | 7.8 (6.6 to 9.0) | 3.5 (1.9 to 6.5) | 3925 | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.5) | 3.4 (1.1 to 10.7) | 2970 | 1.3 (0.7 to 1.8) | 2.5 (0.8 to 8.2) | 0.26 (0.19 to 0.34) | 0.63 (0.38 to 1.03) |
| Alcohol in past 3 months | |||||||||||
| Never/monthly | 2570 | 5.8 (4.8 to 6.8) | Referent | 4488 | 1.5 (1.1 to 1.9) | Referent | 3788 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) | Referent | 0.26 (0.19 to 0.35) | 0.76 (0.48 to 1.23) |
| Daily/weekly | 398 | 11.2 (7.8 to 14.6) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.5) | 517 | 2.8 (1.1 to 4.5) | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.1) | 262 | 0.4 (0.0 to 1.1) | 0.3 (0.0 to 2.2) | 0.25 (0.13 to 0.50) | 0.14 (0.02 to 1.05) |
| Prior HIV test | |||||||||||
| <1 year | 1100 | 4.6 (3.3 to 5.9) | Referent | 1972 | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.4) | Referent | 2379 | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.3) | Referent | 0.21 (0.12 to 0.36) | 0.91 (0.45 to 1.82) |
| 1 to 4 years | 911 | 6.3 (4.6 to 7.9) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) | 2484 | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.6 (0.9 to 3.0) | 1174 | 1.4 (0.5 to 2.2) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.4) | 0.24 (0.16 to 0.38) | 0.89 (0.44 to 1.83) |
| ≥5 years/no test | 895 | 9.4 (7.3 to 11.4) | 2.3 (1.6 to 3.3) | 535 | 5.0 (2.8 to 7.3) | 5.9 (3.0 to 11.5) | 470 | 1.5 (0.0 to 3.0) | 1.8 (0.6 to 5.3) | 0.53 (0.32 to 0.88) | 0.29 (0.10 to 0.89) |
CI, confidence interval; APR, adjusted prevalence ratio; PR, prevalence ratio.
Prior diagnostic status of five participants is unknown
Of all survey participants. Undiagnosed HIV infection = not meeting any of the following conditions: (1) reporting having tested HIV positive previously to standard interview questions, (2) having tested HIV positive at home in a prior round, and (3) having an HIV‐1 RNA concentration <1000 copies/μL. Prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection was estimated using SURVEYFREQ, weighted to the CHDSS census population by age group, sex, and urban (Chókwè town) or rural (CHDSS villages) residence, and adjusted for within‐household correlation (SAS, version 9.4, SAS Institute)
All PRs and APRs were weighted to the CHDSS census population by age group, sex, and urban (Chókwè town) or rural (CHDSS villages) residence, and adjusted for within‐household correlation using GENMOD (SAS, version 9.4, SAS Institute). GENMOD APRs also adjusted for age group and sex. All PRs and APRs with a lower bound of the 95% CI ≥1.0 are statistically significant (p < 0.05).