Table 4.
Odds Ratio Estimates—Likelihood of Job Loss and No Recovery, overall, and for men and women
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Job loss Overall | No Recovery Overall | Job loss: Men | Job loss: Women | No Recovery: Men | No Recovery: Women | |
| Gender:female | 6.809*** | 11.20*** | – | – | – | – |
| (Base:male) | (1.516) | (1.810) | ||||
| Caste group: SC/ST | 1.290* | 0.523*** | 1.327** | 1.001 | 0.555*** | 0.551*** |
| (Base: general category) | (0.180) | (0.0848) | (0.185) | (0.370) | (0.103) | (0.122) |
| Caste group: OBC | 1.160 | 0.608** | 1.163 | 1.429 | 0.635** | 0.739 |
| (0.150) | (0.848) | (0.166) | (0.434) | (0.115) | (0.176) | |
| Caste group: | 0.922 | 1.011 | 0.850 | 1.625 | 1.088 | 1.237 |
| Intermediate | (0.159) | (0.172) | (0.153) | (0.868) | (0.289) | (0.399) |
| Caste group: not stated | 1.216 | 1.732 | 1.224 | 0.940 | 1.732 | 1.700 |
| (0.354) | (0.609) | (0.336) | (0.699) | (0.609) | (1.128) | |
| Religion: Muslim | 0.990 | 0.877 | 0.965 | 1.515 | 0.631*** | 6.630*** |
| (Base: Hindu) | (0.131) | (0.146) | (0.136) | (0.584) | (0.107) | (4.029) |
| Religion: others | 1.040 | 1.733*** | 0.991 | 1.541 | 1.689** | 2.765*** |
| (0.194) | (0.260) | (0.184) | (0.944) | (0.348) | (1.004) | |
| Education: < 5th standard | 1.456*** | 0.745** | 1.633*** | 0.352** | 0.791 | 0.537 |
| (Base: graduate & above) | (0.136) | (0.0997) | (0.203) | (0.150) | (0.129) | (0.254) |
| Education: 6th-10th | 1.230*** | 0.709*** | 1.336*** | 0.331** | 0.745** | 0.582 |
| Standard | (0.0930) | (0.0824) | (0.0956) | (0.164) | (0.108) | (0.208) |
| Education: 11th-12th | 1.137** | 0.743** | 1.208*** | 0.421** | 0.795 | 0.384 |
| Standard | (0.0710) | (0.105) | (0.0782) | (0.182) | (0.152) | (0.227) |
| Age: 15-24 years | 4.796*** | 9.769*** | 4.178*** | 3.659** | 13.41*** | 8.581*** |
| (Base: 35–44 years) | (0.662) | (2.199) | (0.515) | (2.066) | (5.465) | (6.292) |
| Age: 25-34 years | 1.611*** | 2.196*** | 1.519*** | 1.703 | 3.540*** | 2.061* |
| (0.164) | (0.342) | (0.177) | (0.752) | (1.354) | (0.875) | |
| Age: 45 + years | 1.285** | 2.355*** | 1.376*** | 1.118 | 6.541*** | 1.811*** |
| (0.135) | (0.287) | (0.151) | (0.325) | (2.362) | (0.390) | |
| Employment arrangement: daily wage/casual labour | 2.167*** | 1.006 | 2.000*** | 5.442*** | 0.974 | 1.554 |
| (Base: Permanent salaried) | (0.250) | (0.249) | (0.252) | (2.636) | (0.260) | (1.316) |
| Employment arrangement: salaried temporary |
1.511*** (0.171) |
1.099 (0.212) |
1.508*** (0.150) |
1.475 (0.534) |
0.961 (0.236) |
1.775 (1.025) |
| Employment arrangement: self-employed |
1.390** (0.228) |
1.280 (0.296) |
1.306* (0.205) |
2.918** (1.332) |
1.093 (0.2893) |
2.176 (1.663) |
| Sector: agriculture | 1.109 | 1.915*** | 1.147 | 0.748 | 2.068** | 1.336 |
| (Base: services-modern) | (0.248) | (0.472) | (0.220) | (0.507) | (0.671) | (0.759) |
| Sector: manufacturing | 1.179 | 1.209 | 1.246 | 0.634 | 1.092 | 1.353 |
| (0.250) | (0.203) | (0.242) | (0.390) | (0.240) | (0.763) | |
| Sector: construction | 1.327 | 1.025 | 1.385 | 0.804 | 0.953 | 1.494 |
| (0.326) | (0.176) | (0.326) | (0.462) | (0.238) | (0.690) | |
| Sector: trade | 1.241 | 1.084 | 1.271 | 1.232 | 1.132 | 0.835 |
| (0.330) | (0.176) | (0.331) | (0.764) | (0.243) | (0.347) | |
| Sector: services—non-professional | 1.458* | 1.074 | 1.453** | 3.599** | 1.045 | 1.333 |
| (0.311) | (0.238) | (0.250) | (2.137) | (0.242) | (0.680) | |
| Sector: services—health & education |
1.495** (0.248) |
1.505 (0.379) |
1.177 (0.198) |
2.694** (1.127) |
1.552 (0.505) |
1.318 (0.780) |
| Number of children in household |
1.002 (0.0426) |
0.915 (0.0894) |
1.015 (0.0510) |
0.996 (0.126) |
0.976 (0.0682) |
0.810 (0.104) |
| Household size | 0.935*** | 1.094* | 0.931*** | 0.982 | 1.087* | 1.235* |
| (0.0196) | (0.0449) | (0.0223) | (0.112) | (0.0475) | (0.152) | |
| Married | 0.569*** | 0.527*** | 0.430*** | 2.285** | 0.243*** | 3.058*** |
| (0.0826) | (0.150) | (0.0470) | (0.781) | (0.0469) | (0.972) | |
| Monthly income in December 2019 (log) | 0.917** | 1.064 | 0.901** | 0.942 | 1.105 | 0.955 |
| (0.0360) | (0.0469) | (0.0387) | (0.0851) | (0.0859) | (0.0689) | |
| Rural | 0.678*** | 0.865*** | 0.658*** | 0.804 | 0.844*** | 0.753 |
| (Base: Urban) | (0.0598) | (0.0529) | (0.0597) | (0.208) | (0.0478) | (0.177) |
| State-level controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 1.6340 | .09183 | 2.568798 | 4.198944 | .0528123 | .6005594 |
| Observations | 223,330 | 7939 | 19,859 | 2009 | 6587 | 1220 |
| Pseudo R square | 0.1753 | 0.2431 | 0.1546 | 0.2199 | 0.2341 | 0.1618 |
Exponentiated coefficients; Standard errors in parentheses; Standard errors clustered at the state level, *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01
See Table 5 for details of industry classification