Table 2.

Various classes of phenolic compounds with their IC₅₀ exhibiting antileishmanial properties

Natural product source	Chemical structure	Class of phenolic	IC50/μg/mL	Organism tested	Toxicology	References
Selaginella sellowi		Flavonoid	0.10	L. amazonensis	IC50 = 5.57 and 4.09 µM against Murine macrophages (J774.A1) and fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3)	[70]
		Flavonoid	2.80		CC50 = 5.75 and 47.4 µM against murine macrophage (J774.A1) and fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3).
Strychnos pseudoquina		Flavonoid	11.9 2.02	L. infantum L. amazonensis	Low-toxicity to infected murine macrophage up to 125 μM and low hemolytic activity in red blood cells	[71]
		Flavonoid	2.56	L. amazonensis	No significant toxicity > 199 μM
Lendenfeldia. dendyi and Sinularia dura (Marine)		Phenyl ether	18.0	L. donovani (Promastigotes)	Low toxicity profile to VERO cells, pig kidney epithelia, human dermal carcinoma oral	[82]
		Phenyl ether	13.6	L. donovani	Ductile carcinoma breast, human malignant melanoma up to 13 µM
Nectandra leucantha		Phenyl ether	8.70 6.00 34.9	L. donovani (Intra Amastigotes)	Nontoxic to mammalian peritoneal macrophages up to >293.8 μM 112.1 μM >292.1 μM	[83]
Alpinia galanga		Monolignols	10.5 16.6	L. donovani (Promastigotes)		[84]
		Phenol ester	8.80 5.60
Hellieta apiculata		Coumarin	35.8 27.5 32.1	L. amazonensis L. infantum L. brazilensis		[60]
		Coumarin	18.5 27.4 21.5	L. amazonensis L. infantum L. brazilensis
Nectandra oppositifolia		Butanolide	3.58		Nontoxic against NCTC cell up to 42.3 µM	[85]
Piper regnellii var. pallescens		Lignan	5.00	L. amazonensis		[86]
Nectandra cuspidata		Flavonoid	38.5	L. amazonensis (Amastigotes)	Low cytotoxicity in J774.A1 macrophages	[87]
		Flavanoid	71.3
		Flavanoid	34.0
Plumbago zeylanica		Quinone	1.05 (EC50)	L. donovani (Amastigotes)	Very toxic to on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines	[88]
Ocimum gratissimum		Monolignol	0.81	L. infantum	Nontoxic in murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells lines 29.0 µM	[89–91]
		Monolignol	18.5		>100 µM
		Monolignol	14.9		97.7 µM
Vernonia polyanthes		Quinone	50.5	L. amazonensis (Promastigotes)	At conc. > 52.4 µM in infected murine macrophages	[92]
		Quinone	10.2		At conc. > 37.23 µM in infected murine macrophages
Connarus Suberosus		Chromanone	1.13 4.5 5.2	L.amazonensis (amastigotes) L. amazonensis (promastigotes) L.infantum (promastigotes)	Toxic at 18.3 µM against murine macrophages.	[75]
		Lignan	11.4 15.5 7.1	L. amazonensis (promastigotes) L.infantum (promastigotes) L. amazonensis (promastigotes	Reduction cell viability was at 116 µM.
Piper aduncum		Lignan	0.31 0.28	L. amazonensis (promastigotes) L. braziliensis (promastigotes)	Critical changes in the morphology of 3T3 fibroblast cell lines and its viability was observed at 25 µM and above.	[93]
Hyptis pectinata		Flavonoid	2.5	L. braziliensis (promastigotes)	N.T	[76]
		Flavonoid	>36.0
Geosmithia langdonii		Phenyl propene	0.05	L. donovani (promastigotes)	N.T	[94]
Geosmithia langdonii		Carbasugar Carbasugar	0.34 0.20	L. donovani (promastigotes)	N.T	[95]
Ferula narthex		Coumarin	43.77	L. amanzonensis (promastigotes)	N.T	[96]
		Coumarin	46.81
		Coumarin	11.51
		Coumarin	46.77
Arrabidaea brachypoda		Flavonoid	0.004 0.017 0.013 0.024	L. amanzonensis (amastigotes) L. amanzonensis (promastigotes) L. brazilensis (promastigotes) L. infantum (promastigotes)	High lethality against macrophages at concentration above 20 μM	[81]
		Flavonoid	0.02 0.017 0.037 0.012	L. amanzonensis (amastigotes) L. amanzonensis (promastigotes) L. brazilensis (promastigotes) L. infantum (promastigotes)
Trixis antimenorrhoea		Flavonoid	78 96	L. amazonensis (promastigote) L. brazilensis (promastigote)	N. T	[97]
		Flavonoid	19 5.8
Anogeissus leiocarpus		Flavonoid	0.003	L. donovani (promastigotes)	CC50 > 100 µg/ml	[98]
Sassafras albidum		Lignan	15.8	L. amazonensis (Promastigote)	Nontoxic against BALB/c mouse macrophages up to 282	[36]
		Lignan	45.4		190
Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba		Coumarin	57.7	L. amazonensis (Promastigote)	N. T	[99]
		Coumarin	70.0
		Lignan	12.0