Table 3.
Various classes of terpenes and terpenoids with their IC50 exhibiting antileishmanial properties
| Natural product source | Chemical structure | Class of natural product | IC50/μg/mL | Organism tested | Toxicology | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parinari excelsa |  |
Triterpenoid | 0.05 |
L. donovani (amastigotes) |
Cell viability assay with L6 cell lines revealed the lethal concentration at 73.5 μg/mL | [120] |
| Morinda lucida |  |
Monoterpenoid | 1.17 |
L. donovani (promastigotes) |
[121] | |
|
Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Marine) |
 |
Diterpene | 4.00 |
L. amazonensis (Intra Amastigotes) |
Non-toxic up to 515 µM in human macrophage strains J774G8 | [100] |
| Tetradenia riparia |  |
Sesquiterpene | 2.45 |
L. amazonensis (Promastigotes) |
high toxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages = 1.69 µM | [122] |
|
Laurencia dendroidea (Marine) |
 |
Sesquiterpene | 10.8 |
L. amazonensis (Intra Amastigotes) |
CC50 in macrophages and lymph nodes in amastigotes cervical BALB/c mice 160.2 and 172.8 µM |
[123] |
| Sesquiterpene | 1.50 | 112.9 and 120.2 µM | ||||
| Sesquiterpen | 1.62 | 133.5 and 139.3 µM | ||||
| Combretum leprotum |  |
Triterpene | 3.30 |
L. amazonensis (Promastigotes) |
Non-toxic against mouse peritoneal macrophages | [124] |
| Triterpene | 3.48 | |||||
| Triterpene | 5.80 | |||||
| Vanillosmopsis arborea |  |
Sesquiterpene | 10.7 |
L. amazonensis (Amastigotes) |
Low cytotoxicity to macrophage J774.G8 cell lines 451 µM | [106] |
| Croton cajucara |  |
Diterpene | 20.0 |
L. amazonensis (Axenic Amastigotes) |
[108] | |
| Diterpene | 41.4 | |||||
| Triterpene | 58.3 | |||||
| Croton sylvaticus |  |
Diterpenoid |
10.0 10.0 |
L. major (Promastigotes) L. donovani (Promastigotes) |
Observed toxicity was low at 247.83 µM | [125] |
| Sterculia villosa |  |
Triterpenoid | 15.0 |
L. donovani (Intracellular Amastigotes) |
N.T | [126] |
| Salvia deserta |  |
Diterpenoid | 0.46 | L. donovani | N. T | [35] |
| Diterpenoid | 3.30 | |||||
| Diterpenoid |
7.40 29.4 |
|||||
| Garcinia achachairu |  |
Monoterpenoid |
10.4 18.4 |
L. amazonensis L. brazilensis |
N. T | [127] |
| Rapanea ferruginea |  |
24.1 6.10 |
L. amazonensis L. brazilensis |
N. T | [127] | |
| Calea zacatechichi |  |
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
1.89 | L. donovani | [116] | |
|
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
0.771 | |||||
|
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
0.898 | |||||
|
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
1.74 | |||||
|
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
3.09 | |||||
|
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
1.60 | |||||
| Tanacetum parthenium |  |
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
2.60 |
L. amazonensis (promastigotes) |
Low toxicity towards J774G8 cells | [128] |
| Plumeria bicolor |  |
Monoterpene lactone |
0.409 |
L. donovani (Amastigotes) |
CC50 = 20.6 µM | [129] |
|
Monoterpene Lactone |
1.19 | CC50 = 24 μM | ||||
| Pseudelephantopus spicatus |  |
Sesquiterpene lactone |
0.0794 | L. amazonensis |
High selectivity towards parasites as compared to mammalian cells with >100, > 100 µM and > 100 µM µM against Hela, L929 and B16F10 cell lines |
[130] |
|
Sesquiterpene lactone |
0.142 | 58.5 µM, > 100 µM and > 100 µM against Hela, L929 and B16F10 cell lines | ||||
| Triterpenoid | 0.451 | Toxic towards RAW264.7, HONE-1, KB and HT 29 cell lines with 15.6 µM, 8.8 µM,8.2 µM and 4.7 µM respectively | ||||
| Calea pinnatifida |  |
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
1.73 |
L. amazonensis (Promastigotes) |
At 4.11 µM, toxic to J774 macrophages | [115] |
|
Sesquiterpene lactone |
4.24 |
L. amazonensis (Amastigotes) |
75.5 µM | |||
|
Spongia sp. and Ircinia sp. (Marine) |
 |
Diterpene | 0.75 | L. donovani |
Toxicity profile against mammalian L6 cells was 9.64 |
[68] |
| Sesterterpene | 5.60 | 127 | ||||
| Sesterterpene | 4.80 | 83.1 | ||||
| Sesterterpene | 10.2 | > 217 | ||||
| Triterpene | 15.9 | >146 | ||||
| Sesterterpene | 14.2 | >254 | ||||
| Tetraterpene | 18.9 | 4.36 | ||||
| Baccharis tola |  |
Diterpenoid | 4.60 | L. brazilensis | All compounds showed high cytotoxicity in human U937 macro phages with values lower than 347 μM | [131] |
| Diterpenoids | 5.30 | |||||
| Jatropha muitifida |  |
Diterpenoid | 11.9 | L. donovani | Low toxicity profile against VERO cells | [132] |
| Diterpenoid | 4.69 | |||||
| Diterpenoid | 4.56 | |||||
| Psidium Guajava |  |
Triterpene | 1.01 |
L. infantum (Axenic Amastigotes) |
At conc. = 12.2 µM in mouse macrophage cell lines J774A.1 | [133] |
| Triterpene | 1.32 | At conc. = 20.8 µM against same cell lines | ||||
|
Cystoseira baccata (Marine) |
 |
Diterpenoids | 20.4 |
L. infantum (promastigotes) |
Non-toxic up to 126.6 |
[134] |
| Diterpenoids | 44.5 | 84.5 | ||||
| Pseudelephantopus spiralis |  |
Sesquiterpene lactone |
0.06 0.012 |
L. infantum (promastigotes) L. infantum (amastigotes) |
1.47 ± 0.08 | [135] |
|
Sesquiterpene lactone |
0.02 0.005 |
L. infantum (promastigotes) |
0.97 ± 0.07 | |||
|
Sesquiterpene lactone |
0.244 0.048 |
L. infantum (promastigotes) L. infantum (amastigotes) |
5.57 ± 1.9 | |||
| Nectria pseudotrichia |  |
Sesquiterpene Lactone |
0.092 0.023 |
L. infantum (promastigotes) L. infantum (amastigotes) |
3.17 ± 1.0 Highly selective to parasites compared to VERO cells and THP-1 (a human leukaemia monocytic cell line). All > 200 µM. |
[136] |
| Sesquiterpenoid | 0.063 |
L. braziliensis (amastigotes) |
||||
| Monoterpene | 0.104 | |||||
| Monoterpene | 0.117 | |||||
| Monoterpene | 0.37 | |||||
| Croton echioides |  |
Diterpenoid | 0.11 |
L.amansonensis (promastigotes) |
N.T | [137] |
| Diterpenoid | 0.027 | |||||
| Diterpenoid | 0.025 | |||||
| Taxodium distichum |  |
Diterpenoid |
2.5 0.52 |
L. donovani (promastigotes) L. amazonensis |
High toxicity against HT-29 colorectal carcinoma cells | [138] |
| Lippia sidoides |  |
Monoterpene | 23.9 |
L. amazonensis (Promastigotes) |
36.5 µM | [139] |
| Monoterpene | 11.0 | >100 µM | ||||
| Monoterpene | 15.1 | 63.6 µM | ||||
| Trixis antimenorrhoea |  |
Sesquiterpene |
0.3 0.96 |
L. amazonensis (promastigote) L. brazilensis (promastigote) |
N. T | [97] |
|
Bifurcaria bifurc-ata (Marine) |
 |
Diterpene | 18.8 | L.donovani | Toxicity potential against L6 primary myoblast cell was observed at 56.6 µM | [140] |
|
Dictyota spiralis (Marine) |
 |
Diterpene | 15.47 |
L. amazonensis (promastigote) |
23.4 | [141] |
| Diterpene | 36.81 |
L. amazonensis (promastigote) |
69 | |||
|
Stypopodium zonale (Marine) |
 |
Diterpene | 9 |
L. amazonensis (amastigotes) |
8.4 μM | [142] |
|
Plumarella delicatissima (Marine) |
 |
Diterpene | 0.025 |
L. donovani (amastigotes) |
Cytotoxicity potential against human lung carcinoma, cells exhibited low toxic potentials which were >50 |
|
| Diterpene | 0.026 | >50 | ||||
| Diterpene | 0.034 | >50 | ||||
| Diterpene | 0.022 | >50 | ||||
| Diterpene | 1.9 | >50 | ||||
| Diterpene | 4.4 | >50 | ||||
|
Laurencia viridis (Marine) |
 |
Diterpene |
8.36 28.26 |
L. amazonensis (Promastigote) L. donovani (promastigotes) |
0.22 | [143] |
| Diterpene |
7.00 18 |
L. amazonensis (Promastigote) L. donovani (promastigotes) |
4.6 | |||
| Diterpene | 34.65 | 0.6 | ||||
| Diterpene | 12.96 | 1.4 | ||||
| Diterpene | 10.32 | >100 | ||||
|
Dysidea avara (Marine) |
 |
Sesquiterpene |
28.21 20.28 7.64 |
L. infantum (Promastigotes) L. tropica (Promastigotes) L. infantum (Amastigote) |
Low toxicity against human microvascular endothelial cells and (human acute monocytic leukemia cells with CC50 62.19 and > 100 respectively. | [144] |
| Sesquiterpene |
7.42 7.08 3.19 |
L. infantum (Promastigotes) L. tropica (Promastigotes) L. infantum (Amastigote) |
36.8 31.75 |