Table 1.
Characteristics of study population at enrolment and diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during follow-up by region. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Overall (n=116 037) | Europe and North America (n=17 232) | South America (n=18 611) | Africa (n=3871) | Middle East (n=9399) | South Asia (n=21 834) | South East Asia (n=8998) | China (n=36 092) | Participants who developed IBD (n=467) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis of IBD | 467 (0.4) | 192 (1.1) | 33 (0.2) | 25 (0.6) | 103 (1.1) | 94 (0.4) | 1 (0.01) | 19 (0.1) | |
| Crohn’s disease | 90 (0.1) | 51 (0.3) | 5 (0) | 4 (0.1) | 5 (0.1) | 24 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0) | |
| Ulcerative colitis | 377 (0.3) | 141 (0.8) | 28 (0.2) | 21 (0.5) | 98 (1.0) | 70 (0.3) | 1 (0) | 18 (0.1) | |
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 50.2 (9.7) | 52.7 (9.2) | 51.0 (9.5) | 50.0 (10.1) | 47.8 (9.2) | 47.3 (9.8) | 51.4 (9.7) | 50.8 (9.7) | 50.5 (9.3) |
| Women | 68 732 (59.2) | 9766 (56.7) | 11 655 (62.6) | 2897 (74.9) | 4951 (52.7) | 12 879 (59.0) | 5503 (61.2) | 21 081 (58.4) | 273 (58.5) |
| Urban setting | 60 412 (52.1) | 11 925 (69.2) | 10 489 (56.4) | 1772 (45.8) | 5298 (56.4) | 9110 (41.7) | 4472 (49.7) | 17 346 (48.1) | 276 (59.1) |
| Current smoker | 22 563 (19.6) | 2820 (16.4) | 3673 (19.8) | 807 (21.4) | 1323 (14.1) | 4847 (22.3) | 1320 (14.8) | 7773 (21.9) | 75 (16.1) |
| Mean (SD) energy intake (kcal) | 2161 (812) | 2277 (832) | 2198 (794) | 2084 (965) | 2322 (827) | 2115 (829) | 2552 (987) | 1984 (664) | 2105 (775) |
| Mean (SD) ultra-processed food (servings/day) | 1.8 (3.9) | 6.0 (7.3) | 2.9 (3.7) | 0.7 (1.0) | 1.2 (1.4) | 0.3 (1.2) | 2.0 (2.1) | 0.3 (1.0) | 4.0 (6.8) |
| Mean (SD) ultra-processed food (g/day) | 94.2 (228.3) | 220.9 (255.1) | 238.4 (416.8) | 83.4 (184.3) | 88.7 (159.3) | 14.5 (56.1) | 73.7 (95.7) | 15.0 (58.4) | 145.4 (223.2) |
| Mean (SD) processed meat (servings/week) | 1.2 (2.8) | 2.8 (3.7) | 2.2 (4.0) | 1.8 (2.5) | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.6) | 2.2 (3.3) |
| Mean (SD) soft drinks (servings/week) | 1.2 (4.0) | 2.0 (4.3) | 3.8 (7.8) | 1.7 (3.8) | 0.8 (1.6) | 0.2 (0.9) | 1.5 (3.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 1.5 (3.4) |
| Mean (SD) refined sweetened foods (g/day) | 92.0 (216.3) | 99.9 (138.1) | 306.1 (418.2) | 61.6 (139.7) | 103.0 (180.1) | 25.8 (44.3) | 100.5 (122.5) | 17.2 (34.1) | 100.4 (180.6) |
| Mean (SD) salty foods or snacks (g/day) | 28.4 (37.6) | 57.9 (50.0) | 35.7 (35.5) | 38.5 (52.0) | 29.8 (29.2) | 6.5 (16.4) | 55.6 (46.7) | 16.0 (20.3) | 39.9 (47.2) |
| Mean (SD) sodium (g/day)* | 4.1 (1.6) | 3.6 (1.6) | 4.7 (1.4) | 4.2 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.7) | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.8 (1.2) | 5.7 (1.9) | 4.2 (1.5) |
1 kcal=4.18 kJ or 0.00418 MJ.
*
Urinary sodium was used as a surrogate for sodium intake.