Table 2.
Results from univariable and multivariable analyses of baseline covariates and risk of inflammatory bowel disease
| Predictors | Univariable | Multivariable* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Age | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.51 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.16 | |
| Sex (men) | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.24) | 0.73 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.20) | 0.59 | |
| North America and Europe | 4.04 (3.36 to 4.86) | <0.001 | 5.57 (3.97 to 7.81) | <0.001 | |
| Education: | <0.001 | 0.02 | |||
| None | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| Secondary or high school | 1.26 (1.01 to 1.58) | 1.60 (1.13 to 2.26) | |||
| College, university, or trade | 2.24 (1.78 to 2.81) | 1.57 (1.07 to 2.26) | |||
| Alcohol†: | <0.001 | 0.34 | |||
| <1 serving/month | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| 1 serving/ month to <1 serving/week | 3.52 (2.46 to 5.04) | 1.21 (0.82 to 1.80) | |||
| ≥1 serving/week | 2.93 (2.28 to 3.77) | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.26) | |||
| Current smoking | 0.78 (0.61 to 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.73 (0.51 to 1.06) | 0.10 | |
| Physical activity (MET score): | 0.16 | ||||
| Low (<600) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Moderate (600 to <3000) | 1.28 (0.95 to 1.71) | ||||
| High (≥3000) | 1.30 (0.98 to 1.74) | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.13 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.08 | |
| Body mass index: | 0.03 | 0.78 | |||
| Normal (<25) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| Overweight (25 to <30) | 1.09 (0.88 to 1.34) | 0.91 (0.69 to 1.19) | |||
| Obese (≥30) | 1.38 (1.09 to 1.75) | 0.96 (0.70 to 1.32) | |||
| Waist to hip ratio | 1.80 (0.61 to 5.28) | 0.28 | |||
| Location: | 0.002 | 0.91 | |||
| Urban | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||
| Rural | 0.75 (0.62 to 0.90) | 0.99 (0.76 to 1.28) | |||
MET=metabolic equivalent of task.
*
Ultra-processed food intake in servings per day was used as main predictor.
†
For example, per serving: beer 14 g, wine 16 g, vodka, rum, spirits 10 g, liqueur 27 g.