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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 30.
Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2021 Apr 29;40(17):3990–4013. doi: 10.1002/sim.9010

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Error curves of validation error estimators (setting I, II, III). The solid curves demonstrate the validation error estimators’ biases. The dotted curves demonstrate the biases plus or minus one standard deviation of error^(π)error(π). Each setting is repeated 200 times.