Table 1. Patient characteristics at baseline according to treatment group.
| Benazepril (n = 209) | Valsartan (n = 201) | Combination (n = 202) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 64.7 ± 7.7 | 64.3 ± 7.9 | 65.0 ± 7.1 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 146 (69.9) | 138 (68.7) | 145 (71.8) |
| Known duration of diabetes, years | 11.5 ± 7.1 | 11.7 ± 6.9 | 12.2 ± 7.1 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||
| Never smoked | 95 (45.4) | 102 (50.8) | 97 (48.0) |
| Former smoker | 34 (16.3) | 23 (11.4) | 32 (15.8) |
| Current smoker | 80 (38.3) | 76 (37.8) | 73 (36.2) |
| Clinical features | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.8 ± 4.4 | 30.3 ± 4.9 | 30.4 ± 4.9 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 141.9 ± 14.6 | 140.9 ± 15.2 | 141.9 ± 13.7 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 78.7 ± 8.5 | 79.0 ± 7.3 | 78.8 ± 8.8 |
| MAP, mm Hg | 99.8 ± 8.8 | 99.7 ± 8.0 | 99.8 ± 8.6 |
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 54.3 ± 14.2 | 54.3 ± 14.1 | 54.7 ± 12.9 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.1 ± 1.3 | 7.1 ± 1.3 | 7.2 ± 1.2 |
| Serum glucose, mg/dL | 151.4 ± 44.8 | 151.1 ± 50.6 | 152.5 ± 41.0 |
| Serum potassium, mg/dL | 4.13 ± 0.42 | 4.11 ± 0.48 | 4.10 ± 0.46 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.0 ± 1.3 | 14.0 ± 1.2 | 14.1 ± 1.2 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 177.7 ± 33.0 | 178.4 ± 32.4 | 179.5 ± 34.6 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 46.8 ± 12.2 | 48.0 ± 13.3 | 47.1 ± 11.5 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 108.0 ± 28.2 | 108.4 ± 30.6 | 111.2 ± 32.3 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 128.5 ± 72.1 | 127.9 ± 79.0 | 132.7 ± 76.4 |
| Kidney function parameters | |||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.88 ± 0.19 | 0.93 ± 0.20 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2† | 82.22 ± 15.28 | 84.19 ± 14.62 | 80.57 ± 15.99 |
| Measured GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2* | 85.93 ± 14.30 | 84.68 ± 20.85 | 83.04 ± 16.76 |
| UAE, μg/min | 8.74 [6.52 to 12.58] | 9.44 [6.72 to 12.59] | 8.35 [6.10 to 11.77] |
| Patients with medications, n (%) | |||
| - Antihypertensive agents | |||
| - Any | 168 (80.4) | 164 (81.6) | 158 (78.2) |
| - Diuretics | 106 (50.7) | 98 (48.7) | 91 (45.0) |
| - Calcium channel blockers | 96 (45.9) | 87 (43.3) | 81 (40.1) |
| - Beta-blockers | 51 (24.4) | 47 (23.4) | 51 (25.2) |
| - Sympatholytic agents | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| - ACE inhibitors | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) |
| - ARB | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
| - Lipid-lowering agents | |||
| - Any | 117 (56.0) | 110 (54.7) | 111 (54.9) |
| - Statins | 106 (50.7) | 98 (48.8) | 97 (48.0) |
| - Fibrates | 7 (3.3) | 12 (6.0) | 10 (5.0) |
| - Hypoglycemic agents | |||
| - Any | 194 (92.8) | 192 (95.5) | 192 (95.0) |
| - Oral hypoglycemic agents | 175 (83.7) | 181 (90.0) | 175 (86.6) |
| - Insulin | 53 (25.4) | 44 (21.9) | 53 (26.2) |
| - Diet alone | 15 (7.2) | 9 (4.5) | 10 (5.0) |
Data are mean ± SD, median [IQR], or numbers (percentages).
†Estimated by the CKD-EPI equation.
*Measured by iohexol plasma clearance in a subgroup of 77 patients.
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values were expressed by using percentage (%) units according to the DCCT and mmol/mol units according to the IFCC.
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complication Trial; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IFCC, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine; IQR, interquartile range; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAP, mean arterial pressure; UAE, urinary albumin excretion.