Table 2.

Different cell-type in inflammation resolution action

Cell type	General function	Actions in inflammation resolution	Ref.
Neutrophils	Phagocytosis Pro-inflammation NETosis	Accelerate cytokines and chemokines secretion Apoptosis NETosis Egress to Lymph node	[7, 51, 55]
Macrophages	PRR Phagocytosis Efferocytosis	M2 formation Effercytosis Secrete pro-inflammation cytokines, such as IL-10, TGF-β Egress to Lymph nodes Promote SPMs, including resolvins, maresins, protectins formation	[80, 81, 191]
Eosinophils	Phagocytosis Cytotoxic substances	IL-4, IL-13 secretion Lipoxin A4 production	[46]
Mast cells	Secretion of vasoactive substances	Mediators secretion	[51]
DCs	Sensing DAMPs PRR	TGF-b, IL-10 secretion Inhibits migration Maintain the homeostasis after inflammation resolute	[20, 21]
ILC2	Produce type 2 cytokines Express surface markers and receptors for chemokine	Inhibits IL-13 secretion, Express the chemokine receptors CXCR6 and CCR9 IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) to induce inflammation formation and eosinophilic infiltration	[115, 117, 192]
Epithelial cells	Physical barrier Mucociliary clearance	Maintain mucosal integrity and to modulate local immune responses Decrease and limit pro-inflammatory mediators and proteins Increases proliferation after acid injury and promote tissue repair Immune regulator	[24, 193]
Endothelial cells	Regulation transduction and exudation	Inhibits TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-18 secretion Blocks the generation of reactive oxygen species	[51]
Fibroblasts	Tissue support Cytokine secretion	Growth factors inducement Inhibits CTGF-induced proliferation	[46, 194]