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Effects of the MDP and desmuramylpeptide treatments on the release of cytokines from human PBMCs. Cytokine concentrations were measured after 18 h stimulation with MDP (2 μM) or the desmuramylpeptides (2 μM) in the absence or presence of LPS (10 ng/mL). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of 4 independent experiments. #p < 0.05, ###p < 0.001 versus untreated controls; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 versus LPS-treated PBMCs.
