Table 1.

Porcine-free, intraportal islet xenotransplantation in nonhuman primates since 2006

Donor pig	Recipient type	Average number of islets (IEQ/kg)	Immunosuppression	Maximum graft survival (days)	References
SNU miniature pigs Adult	STZ-induced diabetic rhesus monkeys (n = 9)	96 090	ATG, sirolimus, tacrolimus, anti-CD40 mAb, belatacept, CVF, adalimumab	>320	[45■■]
SNU miniature pigs Adult	STZ-induced diabetic rhesus monkeys (n = 5)	93 575	ATG, sirolimus, tacrolimus, anti-CD40 mAb, tocilizumab, CVF, adalimumab	176	[50■■]
SNU miniature pigs Adult	STZ-induced diabetic rhesus monkeys (n = 5)	100 000	ATG, sirolimus, tacrolimus, anti-CD154 mAb, CVF, adalimumab	603	[23]
GTKO/hCD46/hCD39 or GTKO/CD46/TFPI/CTLA4-Ig or GTKO/CD46/TFPI/CTL4-Ig/CD39 Adult	STZ induced diabetic cynomolgus monkeys (n = 5)	85 000	ATG, MMF, anti-CD154 mAb	365	[36]
Large white × Landrace GTKO/hCD55/hCD59/HT Neonatal	Nondiabetic baboons WT n = 4 Genetically modified n = 5	7644 (WT) 17889 (genetically modified)	WT: none Genetically modified: ATG, MMF, tacrolimus	30	[34]
hCD46 genetically modified adult	STZ-induced diabetic cynomolgus monkeys (n = 9)	85–100000	ATG, MMF, anti-CD154 mAb	396	[35]
Outbred wild type or GTKO adult	STZ induced diabetic cynomolgus monkeys (n = 10)	40 000	ATG, tacrolimus, rapamycin, anti-CD154 mAb, MMF	>58	[71]
Duroc or Large White Crossbreeds Neonatal	Diabetic rhesus macaques s/p pancreatectomy (n = 9)	50 000	Anti-CD 154 mAb, basiliximab, sirolimus, belatacept	>260	[25]
Outbred swine and inbred miniature swine Adult	STZ-induced diabetic cynomolgus monkeys (n = 12)	25 000	Basilixumab, FTY720 or tacrolimus, everolimus, anti-CD154 mAb, leflunomide	>187	[46]

ATG, Antithymocyte globulin; CVF, cobra venom factor; IEQ, insulin equivalents; mAb, monoclonal antibody; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; SNU, Seoul National University; STZ, streptozotocin; WT, wild type.