TABLE 1.

Chronology of the events on the farm affected by the cattle botulism outbreak type D/C and detection of C. botulinum type D/C during the outbreak.

	22/01/18	26/01/18	27-28/01/18	29/01/18	30/01/18	31/01/18	02/02/18	05/02/18	23/02/18	05/03/18
Chronology of the outbreak events	Departure of broilers (Flock No 1 Barn A) for slaughter	Removal of broiler litter using a tractor bucket and storage of manure in a field Transfer of the ingredients of the cattle ration (Shed A) with the same bucket in a mixing wagon to feed cows.	Heifers fed with leftovers from the cattle ration Cleaning and disinfection of the broiler house (Barn A)	Detection of paralysis and first cow mortalities (Barn B)	Diagnosis of botulism: C. botulinum type D/C in ruminal contents (S3) (2 + /2)* and rectal content (1 + /2)*	Paralysis and heifer mortalities (Barn C)	Vaccination of all animals (including calves, dry cows) with Utravac Botulinum (first injection)			Vaccination with Ultravac Botulinum (second injection)
Detection of C. botulinum type D/Con the farm* (n = 40)					Cattle ration Shed A (n = 3) Wrapped grass 1 + /3			Cattle ration Shed A (n = 11) Meslin (S1) 1 + /3 Rape 1 + /3 Brewery grains 0 + /3 Corn 0 + /2 Cattle ration Platform (n = 3) Corn silage 0 + /3 Broiler manure stored since 26/01 (n = 5) Manure (S2) in a field 5 + /5	Barn B-(n = 3) Liquid manure 1 + /1 Swab of the floor of the stall 1 + /1 Swab of cattle feed table 0 + /1 Shed A (n = 5) Swab of the floor of the shed 0 + /1 Swab of the bucket 1 + /1 Swab of the tarpaulin covering rape 1 + /1 Swab of the rape storage area 0 + /1 Swab in the mixing wagon 1 + /1 Barn A (n = 10) Inside the house Swab of the ventilation system 2 + /4 Swab of the floor of the house 0 + /1 Swab of the shower? room 0 + /1 Feed from silo 0 + /1 Outside the house Swab of the surroundings 0 + /1 Swab of the carcass bin 1 + /1 Swab of the path 0 + /1

*Number of positive samples/number of samples collected.

Samples tested by MLVA are underlined and the sample code inFigure 2 is indicated in parentheses. Samples detected positive are in bold.