Table 2.
Common Therapeutics against HCV (HTA)
| Type of therapeutic (HTA) | Brand name | Company | Composition | Active against genotype | Function | Adverse effect | IFN dependency (IFN dependent or not) | FDA approval status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIRAVIRSEN SPC3649 | SantarisPharma1 | Locked nucleic acid (LNA) ribonucleotide interspaced throughout a DNA2,3,4 | All Genotypes2,3,4 | Inhibits viral RNA by blocking mir-122 | No evidence of side effects2,3,4 | IFN Independent2,3,4 | Not approved | |
| ITX5061 | Inhibits HCV entry by increasing high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in both humans and mice by blocking the interaction of virus with SRB15 | IFN Independent5 | Not approved | |||||
| EZETIMIBE | OHM LABS INC | Inhibits cholesterol absorption receptor NPC1L1, reduces the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine | IFN Independent | Not approved | ||||
| ERLOTINIB | OSI/Genentech | Quinazoline derivatives | EGFR inhibitor, prevents the formation of CLDN1-CD81 complexes and thereby endocytosis | Overdose causes rash, diarrhoea, anorexia, fatigue | IFN Independent | Not approved | ||
|
CEGALOSVIR MX3253 |
Derivative of castanospermine6,7,8 | Genotype 16,7,8 | Alpha-glycosidase I inhibitor6,7,8 leads to reduced viral infectivity in vitro6,7,8 | Both6,7,8 | Not approved | |||
| PTEROSTILBENE | stilbenoid, chemically related to resveratrol8 | Serves as defensive phyto-alexin role8 | Not approved | |||||
| TORIMEFENE | A first generation nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator9 | An estrogen agonist9 | Not approved | |||||
| QUINIDINE | optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species10 | This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission10 | Not approved | |||||
| Combination drugs: | PTEROSTILBEN, TORIMEFENE and QUINIDINE |
Pterostilbene- resveratrol Torimefene- Quinidine9 |
Class I antiarrhythmic agent26 act as a potential antiviral agent for HCV9 | IFN Independent9 | Not approved |
1https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1209026
2Lacek K, Vercauteren K, Grzyb K, Naddeo M, Verhoye L, Slowikowski MP, et al. Novel human SR-BI antibodies prevent infection and dissemination of HCV in vitro and in humanized mice. J Hepatol. 2012;57(1):17–23
3Scheel TKH, Rice CM. Understanding the hepatitis C virus life cycle paves the way for highly effective therapies. Nat Med. 2013;19(7):837–49
4Gastaminza P, Whitten-Bauer C, Chisari FV. Unbiased probing of the entire hepatitis C virus life cycle identifies clinical compounds that target multiple aspects of the infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(1):291–96
5Koseki M, Ishibashi M, Larson CJ, Miller SG, King BD, Tall AR. Increased HDL cholesterol and apoA-I in humans and mice treated with a novel SR-BI inhibitor.Masson D. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29(12):2054–60
6https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800029722
7https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Glecaprevir
8Langcake P, Pryce RJ. A new class of phytoalexins from grapevines. Experientia. 1977;33(2):151–2