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. 2021 Jul 15;254(2):29. doi: 10.1007/s00425-021-03676-3

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 2 — Mechanistic illustration showing transgenic methods for improved artemisinin biosynthesis in A. annua. (ADS amorpha-4, 11-diene synthase, ALDH1 alcohol dehydrogenase 1, BFS β-farnesene synthase, CPR cytochrome P450 reductase, CPS β-caryophyllene synthase, CYP71AV1 cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase, DBR2 artemisinic aldehyde delta-11(13)-double bond reductase, DXR 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductase, DXS 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, ECS epicedrol synthase, GAS Germacrene A synthase, HMGR HMG-CoA reductase, HMGS HMG-CoA synthase, SQS squalene synthase)