Table 5.

Proposed definition of opioid-induced constipation based on Rome IV criteria and on panellists’ expert opinion on OIC

Appearance or worsening of one of the following signs and symptoms, persisting for at least 2 weeks, after initiating, changing or increasing opioid therapy in the absence of laxative use

a. Straining

b. Lumpy or hard stools (BSFS 1–2)

c. Sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation

d. Sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockage

e. < 3 spontaneous bowel movements in a week

BSFS Bristol Stool Form Scale